1. Three-Step Memory Process EncodingStorageRetrieval integrating information into the memory system preserving encoded material in memory accessing memory from storage You meet a hot lady and learn her name. You say her name over and over in your head to memorize it. You have to recall her name when you want to snapchat her.

2. Computers Do This Same Process! EncodingStorageRetrieval You type into a computer. You hit “save” to preserve your document. You can “open” your file at a later date. We are going to focus on this element of memory today.

3. Story Time! You go to your favorite restaurant tonight for dinner, Jerry’s Pizzeria. You are seated at a table with a white tablecloth. You study the menu. You tell the server you want a large pan style pizza with cheese, pepperoni, sausage, and mushrooms. You also order a salad with blue cheese dressing and a cherry coke from the drink list. Twenty-five minutes later the server returns with meal. You enjoy it all, except the pizza is a little burnt.

4. Story Questions 1.What kind of salad dressing did you order? 2.Was the tablecloth red checkered? 3.What did you order to drink? 4.What was the restaurant name? 5.Did the server give you a menu? 6.Was the server a man? 7.What toppings did you order on the pizza? 8.Did the meal take less than a half hour to arrive? How long did it take? 9.How much did you tip the waiter? 10.When did you go to the restaurant?

5. Story Questions 1.What kind of salad dressing did you order?  Blue Cheese 2.Was the tablecloth red checkered?  White 3.What did you order to drink?  Cherry Coke 4.What was the restaurant name?  Jerry’s Pizzeria 5.Did the server give you a menu?  No, it was already provided

6. Story Questions 6. Was the server a man?  We do not know 7. What toppings did you order on the pizza?  Pepperoni, sausage and mushrooms 8. Did the meal take more or less than a half hour to arrive? How long did it take?  Less …25 minutes 9. How much did you tip the waiter?  The story does not say that the waiter was tipped 10. When did you go to the restaurant?  Tonight

7. Retrieval: Accessing memory from storage If I asked you if you’re a Republican or a Democrat, you would access your memory and tell me – this is the act of retrieval.

8. Memory Retrieval Priming: A stimulus inducing the recall of a memory –“When I hear ___________, I think of ___________.” –When I ask you about white people, what terms come to mind? What about hispanics? Or blacks? Or asians? –Mnemonic Devices are examples of priming (In 1492 Columbus sailed …) Examples : What associations do the pictures below bring up in your mind?

9. Memory Retrieval Context Effects: recall rate is improved if remembering is occurring in the same location as where the memory was formed –If you go to your old house, it may conjure up old memories. –Visit your middle school and you may suddenly remember your old locker combination. –If I have half of you take your next exam in a different room, you will likely score worse than if you took it in your normal Psych room. –Déjà vu is probably just cues from the current situation triggering retrieval of an earlier experience –Land/Water Experiment

10. Memory Retrieval Mood-Congruent Memory: memory recall tends to be consistent with the mood you are in –If you’re jubilant, you’ll think of other happy memories! –If you’re depressed, you’ll tend to think of other sad memories. This happens less often than the happy memories (when we’re sad we try to regulate our mood by not thinking about negative things)

11. FIRST… list as many of the states in the country as you can remember. NOW… try again, using this image as a resource. Memory Retrieval

13. Recall: memory retrieval conducted without any cues or references –When I first asked you to name all the states –Ex: essay, short answer, fill-in- the-blank question –______ was the twenty-sixth president of the United States. Recognition: memory retrieval conducted by identifying learned items –When I gave you the pictures of the states as hints –Ex: multiple-choice question –Who was the twenty-sixth president of the United States? –A: George Washington B: Teddy Roosevelt C: Dwight Eisenhower D: Calvin Coolidge Memory Retrieval

14. Retrieval Failure Failure to Encode: sometimes we fail to encode because there is just too much information and we don’t notice small details Is this what a penny looks like? (consider the words, orientation of the picture, color, shape, etc.)

15. Retrieval Failure Hermann Ebbinghaus Study / Curve of Forgetting: taught himself nonsense syllables (dak, bax, etc.) then measured how much he still remembered at later time intervals Key Point? Forgetting is rapid at first, then stabilizes over time

16. Retrieval Failure Amnesia: memory loss –When people say they “forgot” something, their brain still has the information; they’re just having trouble accessing it –Literal memory loss can be caused by brain trauma, alcohol abuse, etc… –Old age can also cause memory loss as the brain begins to wither and decay; neural networks become destroyed and “routes” to information are lost

17. Proactive Interference: –Old learning interfering with memory of new learning –PEDAL (Prior Disrupts Later) Ex: you call your new girlfriend your old girlfriend’s name Retroactive Interference: –New learning interfering with recall of old learning Ex: you call your old girlfriend your new girlfriend’s name Ex: miss test day, next day start new unit, following day go to take original test but keep thinking of new material Retrieval Failure

18. Repression is a defense mechanism where your consciousness buries threatening memories –Our mind is protecting itself! Retrieval Failure Often uncovered through hypnosis... but is it real? Repressed memories “recovered” under hypnosis or the influence of drugs are often unreliable

19. Misinformation Effect: disingenuous information alters one’s memory of an event –Traffic accident video experiment All saw same video, but then asked how fast the cars were going when they “___________ each other” (different groups given different words such as contacted, hit, bumped, smashed, etc.) and the word affected the results A week later, researchers asked viewers if they had seen broken glass, twice as likely to recall if asked “smashed” –The longer it’s been since the event happened, the more likely it is to inject misinformation Memory Construction

20. Imagination Effect: actively imagining fake events can actually create false memories –Occurs partly because visualizing something and actually perceiving it activate similar brain areas –Pathological liars can beat polygraphs: machines commonly used in attempts to detect lies) Memory Construction

21. How do polygraphs work? –They measure your physiological responses such as breathing, cardiovascular activity, and perspiration –Begin by asking questions they know the truthful answers to already (your age, your name, etc.)—these are called “control questions” –Then ask the “relevant questions” – the ones they want to know if you’re lying or not –Then they compare your body responses between the two... if you are lying, your body should indicate so by acting “differently” than in the control questions Memory Construction

22. How effective are polygraphs? –Ineffective enough that they are no longer admissible in court –In one experiment, 100 people were given lie detectors to see how accurate the polygraphs were 50 were innocent of a crime The polygraph declared 1/3 of these innocent people guilty 50 were guilty of the crime The polygraph declared 1/4 of these guilty people innocent –Now that you know how polygraphs work... can you hypothesize how they can be beaten? Memory Construction

23. Source Amnesia: mis-remembering the source of a memory –Avril Lavigne thinks she created the song “Girlfriend” but it sounds much like an older song... maybe she unintentionally plagiarized something she heard when she was younger. Memory Construction “The Rubinoos” – I Want to be your Boyfriend (1979)