1. Chapter 39
Locative Case

2. Place To show motion towards: ad + accusative
To show motion away from:
ex [e], ab [a], de = ablative
To show place in which
in + ablative
Acc to
Abl.
from
Abl. on

3. Locative Case replaces Ablative Place Where
Only used for specific names of cities, towns, small islands,
domus (home), rus (countryside), humus (ground)

4. Formation of Locative
1st/2nd declension singular, locative is the same form as genitive
Example: Roma, Romae (f) Rome, locative is Romae = in Rome.
3rd declension, locative is the same form as ablative
[There are no place names in 4th & 5th declension, so no Locative]
Example: Gades, Gadium (f.pl), locative is Gadibus = in Gades
Plural Names of ANY declension are the same form as ablative
Example: Athenae, Athenarum (f.pl), locative is Athenis
Locative is used instead of ablative, place IN which and does not require a preposition.
Remember it is only for names of specific cities, towns, small islands, domus, rus, humus.
Exceptions: Carthagini

5. Acc. Place to which & Abl. Place from which with Cities, Towns, Small Islands
If showing motion TOWARD one of the places that can use locative for place in which, that place would still be in ACCUSATIVE case, but no preposition is used
Example:
I want to go to Rome.
Ego volo ire Romam.
If showing motion AWAY from one of the places that can use locative for place in which, that place would still be in ABLATIVE case, but no preposition is used.
I want to leave Rome.
Ego volo discedere Romā.

6. Additions to Locative
Three common nouns that can also be expressed in locative case are
Domus-home
Rus-country (side)
Humus-earth, ground
Locative for domus= domi
Locative for rus=ruri
Locative for humus = humi

7. Accusative vs. Ablative Time
Accusative is used when one wants to express HOW LONG the action took place.
Example: I slept for twelve hours.
Ego dormivi duodecim horas.
Ablative is used when one wants to express WHEN the action took place.
Example: I left at the third hour.
Tertiā horā exivi.
Ablative is also used when one wants to express a time frame WITHIN which an action took place.
Example: Within three years, you all will be in college.
Tribus annis, omnes in collegio eritis.
Note that neither construction has a Latin preposition to introduce it.

8. Ablative Time When [the details]
Specific time --- WHEN did an action occur
No preposition in Latin
Usually translates “at”
Often appears with an ordinal number
Quintā horā lepus advenit.

9. Ablative Time Within Which [the details]
Span of time --- WITHIN what time span did an action occur
No preposition in Latin
Usually translates “in” or “within”
Often appears with a cardinal number
March
Tribus diebus negotium conficietis.

10. Accusative Duration of Time [the details]
Length of time --- HOW LONG did an action last
No preposition in Latin
Usually translates “for”
Often appears with a cardinal number
Duas horas animal parvum nuces exspectavit.

11. ABHINC = AGO An adverb, but pretend it is a preposition 
Followed by the accusative case
Often used with cardinal numbers
Abhinc multos annos dinosauri terram rexerunt!

12. ANTE: its three faces Tribus ante diebus in ludo non eratis.
1. adverb – introduces a clause = before
Ante cenamus, ad urbem ibimus.
2. preposition + accusative
“Before” in the sense of spatial location
Ante Marcum ambulo.
3. preposition + ablative
“previously”, “before” in the sense of time
Often contains a cardinal number
Tribus ante diebus in ludo non eratis.

13. What to do about post Tribus post annis discipulae non eratis.
1. adverb – introduces a clause = after
Post cenamus, ad urbem ibimus.
2. preposition + accusative
“After” in the sense of spatial location, i.e. “behind”
Post Marcum ambulo.
3. preposition + ablative
“later”, “after” in the sense of time
Often contains a cardinal number
Tribus post annis discipulae non eratis.