1. NEXT Atlanta’s “Five Points” area, circa 1950. Changes in Georgia and America 1945–1963 The U.S. and Georgia prosper and change in the years following World War II, but the nation faces several international crises.

2. NEXT Changes in Georgia and America 1945–1963 SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 Postwar America Cold War America Georgia’s Growing Economy SECTION 4 Political Changes in Georgia

3. NEXT Section 1 Postwar America The years after World War II are a time of rapid change in American society.

4. NEXT The Baby Boom Generation Postwar America The G.I. Bill U.S. population 140,000,000 in 1945 12 million in military in June 1945, including 320,000 Georgians -most reentering civilian life soon; need help finding jobs, homes G.I. Bill—Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944 -provides mortgage, business assistance; free education to veterans About eight million veterans attend school on G.I. Bill SECTION 1 Continued...

5. NEXT SECTION 1 Educating the Baby Boom Generation Military personnel return as civilians; cause U.S. birthrate to rise -Americans born between 1946 and 1964 called baby boomers Jump in birthrate creates need for more schools and teachers Government worried Soviet Union has educational advantage over U.S. Congress offers loans to students wanting to become teachers -funds science, math programs in schools continued The Baby Boom Generation Continued...

6. NEXT SECTION 1 Housing the Baby Boomers G.I. Bill provides low-cost home loans Many new homes located in suburbs— areas outside city centers -suburban population rises 46% in 1950s Suburbs represent prosperity, but also segregation in society -many African Americans can’t afford suburban homes -people in suburbs often will not sell to minorities continued The Baby Boom Generation

7. NEXT SECTION 1 Music Teens embrace rock ‘n’ roll; jazz, crooners also popular Popular Culture in the 1950s Continued... Georgia Musicians Many Georgians contribute to music scene in 1950s and 1960s Ray Charles, Gladys Knight, Little Richard, James Brown, others The Role of Women Many Americans feel woman’s role is in home; role starts to change -more women attend college, work outside home -idea of a woman having a long-term career still rare

8. NEXT SECTION 1 Literature American postwar writers see problems in American society Ernest Hemingway, J.D. Salinger, John Steinbeck well-known authors continued Popular Culture in the 1950s Georgia Writers Flannery O’Connor perhaps best-known Georgia writer -born in Savannah; writes two novels, 31 short stories Carson McCullers writes The Heart is a Lonely Hunter at 23 -style called “Southern Gothic”—set in South, full of tragedy, danger

9. NEXT Americans believe that new enemies, especially the Soviet Union, threaten their existence. Section 2 Cold War America

10. NEXT The Atomic Bomb Cold War America The Nuclear Arms Race Many Americans believe communism is a threat after World War II Cold War—hostile relations between U.S. and communist countries Soviet Union detonates atomic bomb, 1949; nuclear arms race begins -nuclear arms race—U.S., Soviet Union’s competition for atomic weapons SECTION 2 Civil Defense Americans prepare to defend against nuclear attack Schools practice nuclear attack drills; people build fallout shelters

11. NEXT Fighting a Hot and Cold War Postwar Japan U.S. occupies, rebuilds Japan; country becomes democracy Japan learns American industrial methods; some industries take off SECTION 2 Continued... The Iron Curtain Allied Powers—U.S., France, England, Soviet Union—occupy Germany Josef Stalin wants to concentrate on building Soviet power, 1946 -cuts communication with allies; tries to control nearby countries Stalin’s iron curtain cuts Soviet Union off from rest of world

12. NEXT Marshall Plan U.S. believes Great Depression was one cause of World War II -believes Europe’s economy must be rebuilt to prevent another war Marshall Plan includes 17 western European countries, Soviet Union Soviets against rebuilding Germany, refuse to participate Soviets block access to western half of Berlin; U.S. cannot send aid SECTION 2 continued Fighting a Hot and Cold War Continued...

13. NEXT Containment U.S. creates North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949 U.S., 11 European nations ally in case of Soviet invasion Containment becomes U.S. foreign policy for next 40 years -containment—stopping spread of communism Soviet Union, Europe’s communist countries sign Warsaw Pact in 1955 -pact to defend each other if attacked; counters NATO; dissolves, 1991 SECTION 2 continued Fighting a Hot and Cold War Map

14. NEXT Threats from Within Joseph R. McCarthy Government concerned about communism in U.S. as early as 1940 House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) established -investigates charges of communists influencing society Joseph R. McCarthy tries to expose communists in government, 1950s McCarthy lacks evidence for accusations; ruins many careers, lives -public opinion turns against McCarthy in 1954, ends political career SECTION 2

15. NEXT The Korean Conflict Communism in Asia Communist Mao Tse Tung takes over China, 1947; U.S. views as threat Communist-controlled North Korea invades South Korea, June 24, 1950 U.S. sends troops to stop invasion; China assists North Korea Neither side wins after three years; ceasefire signed July 27, 1953 SECTION 2 Map

16. NEXT The Kennedy Years The “New Frontier” Democrat John F. Kennedy wins presidency, 1960 Campaign promises “New Frontier,” and to attack U.S. social problems Cold War, containment issues keeps Kennedy from social issues SECTION 2 Continued... Bay of Pigs Fidel Castro takes over Cuba; nearby communist rule worries U.S. Kennedy supports group of Cubans trying to remove Castro, April 1961 Cuba captures Anti-Castro forces at Bay of Pigs, invasion fails

17. NEXT The Berlin Wall Soviet Union concerned about people leaving communist East Berlin Soviets build wall separating West, East Berlin; 1961 SECTION 2 continued The Kennedy Years Continued... Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis, fall 1962—Kennedy’s worst diplomacy problem U.S. spy planes detect Soviet missiles in Cuba Kennedy blocks Soviet access to Cuba, demands weapon removal U.S., Soviets at brink of nuclear war; Soviets remove weapons Image

18. NEXT Vietnam U.S. considers North Vietnam’s Ho Chi Minh a threat to South Vietnam -U.S. supplies money, weapons, military advisors to South Vietnam SECTION 2 continued The Kennedy Years Civil Rights Supreme Court rules segregation illegal (1954); much of South resists Some Georgia politicians fight integration, take states’ rights position Over time, many Georgians try to make integration go smoothly President Kennedy is Assassinated Kennedy shot and killed November 22, 1963 in Dallas; nation mourns

19. Section 3 Georgia’s Growing Economy Georgia’s farms and cities go through significant changes from the 1940s through the 1960s. NEXT

20. Population Trends in Georgia Georgia’s Growing Economy Shifting Populations Many African American, white farmers move to cities from 1930s to 1960s Rural population falls, from 1.3 million in 1940 to 228,000 by 1970 SECTION 3 Urban Growth Many people move to Georgia, offsetting population loss -defense industry, other businesses attract skilled workers City growth strains public services; many people move to suburbs Map

21. NEXT Changes in Business and Industry SECTION 3 Increased Prosperity Georgia’s post-war economy grows; people earn more than ever before -factory workers, farmers still make less than national average Service industry makes up 33% of state’s workforce by 1960 Continued... Urban Centers One-third of new factory jobs in 1940s, 1950s in metro Atlanta area After war, Savannah grows; becomes one of largest U.S. port cities Georgia’s 12 military bases provide jobs, contribute to economy

22. NEXT Industry Auto assembly, textiles remain important industries Banking, transportation, utilities, other industries grow important continued Changes in Business and Industry SECTION 3 Labor Unions Unions renew efforts to organize in Georgia after World War II Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) launches Operation Dixie Operation Dixie—attempt to set up unions in South -attempts to unionize textile workers meet violence, intimidation

23. NEXT Changes in Agriculture SECTION 3 Mechanization Wartime prosperity ends for most Georgia farmers, sharecroppers Farmers begin to rely more on tractors to till soil, harvest crops Mechanization lowers demand for sharecroppers, forces many off land Continued... Dairy and Livestock Improved transportation, new markets make dairy profitable in South Poultry farming grows after war; now state’s largest farm industry

24. NEXT Improved Farming Methods New crop strains, pesticides, better organization improve farm production Operation costs also rise; small farmers, sharecroppers can’t keep up Small farms sell; land bought to create larger farming operations continued Changes in Agriculture SECTION 3 Crop Diversity Agriculture becomes less important to Georgia economy Crops diversify; by 1960 only 10 percent of farmland used for cotton Poultry, livestock, peanuts, tobacco, soybeans are dominant by 1980 Continued...

25. NEXT Changes in Urban Georgia SECTION 3 Transportation Atlanta becomes rail, highway, and airline hub MARTA rapid transit created to cut Atlanta’s traffic congestion -traffic problems still exist Lake Sidney Lanier Atlanta’s growth creates need for more water Dams on Chattahoochee River create lake for water source -Lake Sidney Lanier completed 1956

26. Section 4 Political Changes in Georgia The political scene in Georgia undergoes many changes. NEXT

27. Politics in World War II Georgia Political Changes in Georgia The Board of Regents Controversy Eugene Talmadge elected governor in 1941 opposing New Deal programs -wants non-Georgians, political opponents out of Georgia colleges -tries to get two college teachers fired for promoting integration -forces two Board of Regents members to quit, new board fires teachers Talmadge’s actions become known as the Board of Regents Controversy Georgia public schools lose recognition; Talmadge loses 1942 election SECTION 4 Continued...

28. NEXT Governor Ellis Arnall Ellis Arnall defeats Talmadge in 1942 election, promises reform -disagrees with Talmadge’s use of power, reduces power of office Arnall’s prison reform abolishes chain gangs, selling pardons Lowers voting age from 21 to 18; first state to do so Begins process of revising state constitution; approved in 1945 continued Politics in World War II Georgia SECTION 4

29. NEXT William Berry Hartsfield William B. Hartsfield becomes Atlanta’s mayor, 1937–40, 1942–62 -convinces whites, African-Americans to work together for progress Atlanta grows in population, size; is known for “doing business” While councilman in 1920s, Hartsfield starts Atlanta’s airport -supports Atlanta’s zoo; reforms police, fire departments Atlanta’s Political Leadership SECTION 4

30. NEXT Gaining Political Power through the Vote African-American leaders work to register Atlanta’s black voters, 1946 Helen Douglas Mankin becomes first Georgia woman in Congress, 1947 Multiracial coalition elects Mankin—major change in Georgia politics Georgia Politics SECTION 4 1946 Governor’s Race Eugene Talmadge runs again in 1946 on white supremacy platform Talmadge wins election but dies before taking office -resulting confusion known as three governors controversy Continued...

31. NEXT Three Governors Controversy Eugene Talmadge’s son Herman claims to be governor M.E. Thompson elected Lieutenant Governor, says he should take over Ellis Arnall refuses to leave office until court settles matter All three set up governor’s offices Georgia Supreme Court names Thompson governor until special election Herman Talmadge wins 1948 special election, serves two terms continued Georgia Politics SECTION 4 Continued...

32. NEXT County Unit System Struck Down County unit system gives rural counties control of state politics -rural more conservative; their control keeps segregation in place Federal courts rule county unit system unconstitutional, 1962 -change to “one man, one vote” system Carl Sanders from Augusta elected 1962 -vows to improve state’s image continued Georgia Politics SECTION 4

33. NEXT Richard B. Russell, Jr. Richard B. Russell, Jr. serves in U.S. Senate, 1933–1971 Initially supports New Deal, but support drops as Depression goes on Supports segregation, strong defense; opposes Vietnam involvement Georgia Politicians on the National Scene SECTION 4 Carl Vinson Carl Vinson elected to Congress at age 30, youngest member at time Serves 50 years in Congress, supports military expansion Develops “two-ocean” navy, aircraft carrier named in his honor

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