1. What is an epic? What makes Beowulf a hero?

2. 1. “Epic” or “heroic” is the term applied to a work meeting the following criteria: a. Long narrative poem on a great and serious subject b. Story related in an elevated style c. action centers on a heroic/quasi- divine figure; the fate of a nation, tribe, the human race depends on him depends on him

3. 2. Two types of epics: a. traditional/primary/folk-epic—shaped by a literary artist from historical and legendary materials developed in the oral tradition of his people during a period of expansion and warfare. b. literary/secondary- imitation of the original

4. 3. Three sources for the epic: a. folk tale/fantasy—in Beowulf, the matter of the main action: 3 major combats, swimming episode episode b. heroic legend—in Beowulf, the digressions concerning Finn, Sigemund, Heremond, Hengest ( mostly in part I). Hengest ( mostly in part I). c. historical tradition—In Beowulf, the history of Denmark, the Scylding kings and their fall (part II) (part II)

5. 4. Conventional features of the epic (derived from Homer): a. the hero is a figure of great national or cosmic importance b. the setting is ample in scale—worldwide or larger (underworld, heaven, hell() c. the action involves superhuman feats in battle, or a long arduous journey d. gods and other supernatural beings take an interest in the action. (deus ex machine) e. the poem itself is a ceremonial performance, told in genus grande. Homer wrote in poetic dialect but others used stylized diction.

6. 5. The structure and choice of episodes in an epic is conventional: a. narrator begins with an argument of theme, invokes a muse for inspiration and asks an epic question, the answer to which inaugurates the narrative. question, the answer to which inaugurates the narrative. b. that action begins en medias res (literally in the middle of things) events are related through a series of flashbacks, and then the narrative moves beyond to the beginning. a series of flashbacks, and then the narrative moves beyond to the beginning. c. epics often contain catalogues of principal characters or items. They are rich in detail and often give set speeches to reveal the temperament of characters. often give set speeches to reveal the temperament of characters.

7. In small groups list elements of an epic found in modern adventure stories.

8. Common elements: Hero’s valiant struggle against powerful enemies, prevailing codeof acceptance, behavior/values, elements of mystery, hero is seldom humble Quest for fame is a perfectly acceptable and even admirable, part of a hero’s existence.

9. How is Beowulf an archetypal epic hero? Well, let’s first learn about the Circle of the Epic Hero. As we read, we may be able to see how Beowulf experiences (in some way) all of these occurrences.

10. Characteristics of an Epic Hero 1. Evenly matched with his opponents 2. Has the spirit and willingness to conquer or die 3. Is appealed to as the ultimate hope 4. Is closely allied with his men 5. Is attended by a faithful companion 6. Has a striking personal appearance 7. Is successful or not depending upon a combination of a. Individual courage b. Outside forces (gods/God, fate, magic)

11. Characteristics of an Epic Hero 8. Has to make sacrifices a. Has human qualities b. Is mortal 9. Is not always successful 10. Performs great feats 11. Is courageous 12. Has supernatural strength 13. Is adventurous 14. Often comes from divine/royal lineage 15. Is tested through conflict and the necessity to overcome and enemy

12. Six Kingly Qualities 1. Honor 2. Loyalty 3. Courage 4. Generosity 5. Wisdom 6. Goodness