1. ILA 36 – Orlando Florida 16-17 October 2007 Dr. Gregory Johnson, Ruslan Shalaev, Christian Oates, Alion Science & Technology Capt. Richard Hartnett, PhD, US Coast Guard Academy Dr. Peter Swaszek, University of Rhode Island

2.  Requirements  Accuracy, availability, integrity, continuity  Accuracy Requirements  Aviation: NPA – RNP 0.3 (309 meters)  Maritime: HEA (8-20 meters)  Limitations  Spatial and temporal variations in TOA observed by the receiver and presented to the position solution algorithm 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL2

3.  ASF corrected TOAs  To remove spatial component:  Use published grid, interpolate between grid points  Issues include grid density, regions of interest, and grid creation  To remove temporal component:  Local monitor receiver, broadcast offsets over LDC  Issues include correlation distance, monitor averaging, multiple monitor interpolation 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL3

4.  Spatial ASF Grids  Harbor Survey Methodology  Converting to a grid  Required grid density  Performance examples  Temporal Corrections  LDC architecture for live broadcast of differential corrections  Prototype eLoran Receiver  Sample navigation performance 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL4

5.  Identify the HEA area and generate sail plans that will cover all of the areas of interest  typically a 200m spacing  Tracks must be planned on inside and outside edges of channels  in general the area of interest needs to be over-bounded.  Conduct field test  Static monitor somewhere in the harbor area (harbor monitor)  Perform data collection mapping throughout the harbor; measure ASFs and GPS position 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL5

6.  Convert the measured ASFs to relative ASFs by subtracting the reference site ASF for the corresponding times of the vessel ASF measurements.  This eliminates any temporal variations (due to daily, seasonal, weather, or system timing effects) from the measurements.  Create spatial ASF grid from tracks of relative ASFs  Procedure developed and refined over a series of harbor surveys  New London  New York  Norfolk  Boston 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL6

7. Continuous vessel tracks in upper harbor Static locations in upper harbor Vessel Van on shore 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL7

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11. 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL11  Vessel collected data at 25 static locations in the harbor  Held station next to buoy, pier, etc.  Van collected data at 19 static locations around the harbor

12. Different Vessel Continuous Track in lower harbor Repeat Upper harbor 12 static locations 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL12

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14. 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL14 8/22 – magenta 8/23 – green 8/24 - blue

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16. USCG AUX Vessel Myst Oct 2006 Nov 2006 Test Van Mar 2006 Other vessels Mar, Apr 2006 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL16

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19. Chesapeake Bay approach channel into Norfolk Harbor 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL19

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23. Continuous tracks inner harbor, main channels, and entrance approach area 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL23

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27.  ASFs/TOAs processed to remove receiver filtering and velocity vector toward towers (and time lag)  Precise track computed using L1/L2 GPS data post- processed with GrafNav s/w using CORS reference stations  ASFs recalculated using precise track position and unfiltered TOAs  Relative ASFs calculated (ASF boat – ASF ref ) 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL27

28. - Method for converting tracks to a grid - Required grid density - Performance examples

29.  Overdetermined least squares estimation method akin to an “inverse interpolation” (ION GNSS 2006) 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL29

30.  Recall standard linear interpolation:  Given a function at grid points, we can interpolate a general F(x, y) by  with 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL30 a b

31.  Turn the equations around:   a, b, and F(x, y) are known  so each data point yields a linear equation in 4 unknowns  solve large set of simultaneous linear equations to get grids 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL31

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43. - LDC Architecture - Typical Spatial Correlation 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL43

44. 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL44 Seasonal Monitor Sites Seasonal Monitor ServerwxTxmtr grab ASF values from current SM data file Convert to offsets from reference value write in LDC format to file ftp file to server at LSU LSU FTP Server Loran Transmitter LDC Loran and GPS data at 1min intervals Archived data

45.  Each message is 45 bits and takes 24 symbols to transmit at 1 symbol/group  At 8970 takes 2.15sec/msg  Time: 5 every 64 messages or ~ every 27.5sec  ASF data repeats every 2.3 min 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL45 Mon-6 Msg-0 Mon-6 Msg-1 Mon-6 Msg-2 Mon-6 Msg-3 Mon-6 Msg-4 Mon-6 Msg-5 Mon-4 Msg-0 Mon-4 Msg-1 Mon-4 Msg-2 Mon-4 Msg-3 Mon-4 Msg-4 Mon-4 Msg-5 TimeAlm. Mon-0 Msg-0 Mon-0 Msg-1 Mon-0 Msg-2 Mon-0 Msg-3 Mon-0 Msg-4 Mon-0 Msg-5 Mon-0 Msg-0 Mon-0 Msg-1 Mon-0 Msg-2 Mon-0 Msg-3 Mon-0 Msg-4 Mon-0 Msg-5 TimeAlm. Mon-3 Msg-0 Mon-3 Msg-1 Mon-3 Msg-2 Mon-3 Msg-3 Mon-3 Msg-4 Mon-3 Msg-5 TimeAlm. Mon-8 Msg-0 Mon-8 Msg-1 Mon-8 Msg-2 Mon-8 Msg-3 Mon-8 Msg-4 Mon-8 Msg-5 Mon-5 Msg-0 Mon-5 Msg-1 Mon-5 Msg-2 Mon-5 Msg-3 Mon-5 Msg-4 Mon-5 Msg-5 TimeAlm. Mon-9 Msg-0 Mon-9 Msg-1 Mon-9 Msg-2 Mon-9 Msg-3 Mon-9 Msg-4 Mon-9 Msg-5 Mon-1 Msg-0 Mon-1 Msg-1 Mon-1 Msg-2 Mon-1 Msg-3 Mon-1 Msg-4 Mon-1 Msg-5 TimeAlm. repeats

46. - Prototype receiver - Sample performance 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL46

47. 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL47 USCGA DDC Receiver TOAs demodulated LDC symbols real-time ASFs (for comparison) Matlab Script Lookup ASF grid value RS decode LDC symbols, Interpret transmitted data Apply transmitted temporal correction and reference station value Calculate position solution Output position as NMEA string Transview Display Display position tracks of eLoran, Loran, and GPS systems SatMate Receiver Loran position NovAtel Receiver GPS position

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49.  Spatial ASF Grids  Noise in the ASF measurements gets averaged out by the grid creation process  500m grid spacing is typically sufficient  Smaller spacing only if dictated by physical size of HEA  Smaller sizes just chase the noise in the measurements  Harbor Survey procedure has been established and proven  Temporal ASF  Correct temporal value is critical to meeting HEA accuracy  Currently under investigation:  Frequency (and filtering) of corrections  Monitor site spacing  End-state distribution architecture  eLoran Receiver  In areas where geometry / signal strength are poor, receiver performance becomes critical  <20m real-time is difficult – even with ASF spatial (grid) and temporal corrections, requires a good receiver 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL49

50.  Alion New London Team  Christian Oates  Ruslan Shalaev  Mark Wiggins  Ken Dykstra  USCG Auxiliary  Captain and crew of Launch #5 (New York)  Captain and crew of Myst (New London)  Captain and crew of Halcyon Lace (Norfolk)  Captain and crew of Three J’s (Boston)  USCG Loran Support Unit  CDR Chris Nichols  LT Chris Dufresne 10/17/2007ILA 36 - Orlando, FL50

51. gwjohnson@alionscience.comswaszek@ele.uri.eduRichard.j.hartnett@uscga.edu