1. Wednesday (March14) Exam II No class Friday (March 16th) Announcements All students will be taking exam here. 116 RAL

2. Bring:#2 pencil Photo ID Student ID# NetID ( usually 1 st part of e-mail ) Arrive early Sit every other seat. No cell phones, no hats Neighbors will have different exams

3. Test Format 50 questions, multiple choice & T/F bonus questions 50 minutes

4. Test Material Any thing from lectures or text book is fair game Fact-based questions, concept application

5. Chapters from Book: 6,7,8,9,10 Understand examples, terms (usually bolded), and be able to answer the discussion questions in each chapter (unless they require additional reading). Assigned Reading

6. Lecture 13 : Antipredator behavior Strategies to avoid being eaten How to avoid being seen –Choice of background –Cryptic coloration/shape –Artificial camouflage –Rapid color change Toxins, chemical defenses & Aposematic coloration Synthesize de novo or sequester from food Mimicry Mullerian (complexes)and Batesian mimicry Behavioral mimicry Warning behavior of spotted prey Vigilance, armor, startle tactics Tail release, screaming

7. Chapter 6 Understand adaptation (including constraints - table 6,1) and the comparative method. Will not need to use game theory for solving problems but understand what optimality theory and game theory are. Optimality - benefits of behavior outweigh the costs Game Theory - similar but also need to consider the behavior in the context of the actions of a competitor (or receiver).

8. Lecture 14: Foraging Optimal foraging theory –Reduce costs and increase benefits Limitations to optimal foraging –Environmental constraints –Predators & parasitism Efficient food handling –Minimize time spent handling food (e.g. star-nosed mole, mantis shrimp, trap jaw ant) Prey choice –Caloric value vs. ease of acquiring Foraging strategies –Can change with environmental/social conditions –Example: lions and hunting group size –Sit-and-wait vs. active foraging Examples: horned lizard & Argentine ants, humans & spices

9. Chapter 7. We will be discussing the advantages of hunting in groups later in the semester.

10. Lecture 15: Dispersal & Territoriality Ideal free distribution of individuals in a habitat Definitions: home range, core area, territory, dispersal, orientation, navigation, migration Dispersal vs. philopatry –Costs and benefits of each –Sex-biased dispersal Introduced species –Introduced, domestic/feral, human commensal, invasive –Modes of introduction Migration –Taxonomic distribution, examples –Cues used for migration Territoriality –Costs, benefits –Alternate strategies –“Dear enemies”

11. Lecture 16: Communication Types of signaling & examples Functions of signaling Modes of communication –Visual, auditory, chemical, vibrational, electrical & examples Limitations to signal transmittance Sensory exploitation –E.g. swordtails, zebra finches Honest signaling & the Handicap Principle Multimodal signaling

12. Chapter 9. Will not be tested on information in “The history of Insect Wings” section.

13. Lecture 18: Dance Language Symbolic communication Information conveyed by dance & how this is coded Von Frisch’s initial experiments Wenner’s olfactory map hypothesis How controversy was resolved– Gould’s definitive experiment Other systems of bee recruitment: how are they similar/different from Apis mellifera? –Apis florea, stingless bees Adaptive value of the dance How dance is sensed & distance is measured Examples of other Apis mellifera dances

14. Also see information in Chapter 8

15. Lecture 19: Sexual Selection I Sexual vs. asexual reproduction –Meiosis, recombination, syngamy, and anisogamy characterize sex –Hermaphroditism Evolutionary advantages/disadvantages of sex –Dis: expensive gonads, risky mating, recombination breaking up beneficial combos of alleles, –Advantages: Muller’s ratchet, faster adaptive evolution, disease/parasite resistance Implications of anisogamy: sexual conflict Sexual selection: intra- and intersexual Male competition Male mating strategies: monogamy, polygyny, sneaking & examples Sperm competition –Increased sperm production, elaboration of penis structure –Precopulatory: nuptial gifts –During copulation: sperm removal appendages –Postcopulatory: mate guarding, female sperm choice

16. Lecture 20, 21: Sexual Selection II Sexual advertisements: male ornamentation Female choice/preference –Theories for evolution of ornaments & female preference Healthy male & parasite avoidance Good genes & Handicap principle Fisher “Runaway” sexual selection Sensory bias & “Chase-away” sexual selection Role reversal

17. Chapter 10. Do not worry about operational sex ratio and parental investment, yet… We will also be covering mating systems after break.

18. Good luck!