1. TCP Westwood: Efficient Transport for High-speed wired/wireless Networks 2009

2. TCP Westwood (Mobicom 2001) Key Idea: Enhance congestion control via the Rate Estimate (RE) Samples are determined from ACK inter- arrival times and info in ACKs regarding amounts of bytes delivered Estimate is computed at the sender by sampling and exponential filtering RE is used by sender to properly set cwnd and ssthresh after packet loss (indicated by 3 DUPACKs, or Timeout)

3. Rate Estimation (BE-> RE) Ideally, would like to determine the connection fair share of the bottleneck bandwidth Since fair share is difficult (to define or determine), we instead estimate the achieved rate: Rate Estimate (RE) Receiver Sender Internet Bottleneck packets ACKs measure

4. First TCPW version used a “bandwidth like” estimator (BE) given by: “Original” Rate estimation (BE-> RE) t k-1 t k dk dk sample exponential filter filter gain RE/BE Estimation is similar to Keshav Packet Pair estimation

5. TCP Westwood: the control algorithm TCPW Algorithm Outline: When three duplicate ACKs are detected: set ssthresh=BE*RTT min (instead of ssthresh=cwin/2 as in Reno) if (cwin > ssthresh) set cwin=ssthresh When a TIMEOUT expires: set ssthresh=BE*RTT min (instead of ssthresh=cwnd/2 as in Reno) and cwin=1 Note: RTT min = min round trip delay experienced by the connection

6. At equilibrium, RE -> Fair RE Initially, two connections have different Wi and Ri. In the increase phase windows grow at the same rate Just before overflow : W i = R i x RTT= R i (Buf/Cap + RTT min ) for i = 1,2 At overflow, RE estimate reduces windows back to “zero backlog” line, ie: W i ’ = RE RTT min = Ri RTT min = Wi (RTT min /RTT) zero backlog bottleneck overflow Fair rate share Connection 1 Window Connection 2 Window RTT = RTT min +T same for both connections

7. 7 Extensions to TCP End-to-end congestion control Selective acknowledgements: TCP SACK Delay-based congestion avoidance: TCP Vegas TCP-Friendly Rate Control: TFRC Binomial Congestion Control Router - assisted Congestion Control Active Queue Mgmt. (AQM) and RED Explicit congestion notification: ECN eXplicit Control Protocol: XCP Discriminating between congestion losses and other losses: cross-layer signaling and guesses losses

8. Related TCP + Bdw estimation work Bandwidth estimate used by Vegas and Keshav PP TCP Vegas monitors Bdw and RTT to infer the bottleneck queue; then, from queue it derives feedback to congestion window Expected = window size / round trip time Actual = acks / round trip time Queues (bottleneck) ~ expected - actual Keshav’s Packet Pair scheme also monitors bandwidth to estimate the bottleneck queue and compare to common queue target; it adjusts source rate Main difference: TCP Westwood does not need common queue target; it enforces fair share instead.

9. TCP Westwood Benefits What do we gain by using RE “feedback” in addition to packet loss? (a) ability to distinguish random loss from buffer loss, i.e. better performance with random loss (ie, loss caused by random errors as opposed to overflow) -- exponential filtering (b) using RE to estimate bottleneck bdw during slow start -- estimate the achieved rate

10. TCPW and random loss Reno overreacts to random loss (cwin cut by half) TCPW less sensitive to random loss (1) a small fraction of “randomly” lost packets minimally impacts the rate estimate RE (2) Thus, cwin = RE x RTT remains unchanged As a result, TCPW throughput is higher than Reno and SACK in presence of random loss

11. TCPW in presence of random loss: Analysis and Simulation

12. TCPW in a wireless lossy environment Efficiency: Improvement significant on high (Bdw x Length) paths Fairness: better fairness than RENO under varying RTT Friendliness: TCPW is friendly to TCP Reno

13. NASA Workshop Demo (From Steve Schultz, NASA) Internet Throughput Measurement

14. TCPW Friendliness Friendliness: fairness across different TCP flavors “Friendly share” principle: TCPW is allowed to recover the bandwidth wasted by NewReno because of “blind” window reduction TCPW original RE (BE) filter has Friendliness Problem…. 5 connections total (TCPW + RENO) ; Average throughput per connection is shown in the next slide

15. Lossy link ( 1% pkt loss ) TCPW Reno TCPW & Reno friendliness Average TCPW & Reno throughputs vs. TCPW/Reno mix (5 connections total) No link errors TCPW Reno 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Average Throughput(Mbps) 012345 No. of Reno connections Average Throughput(Mbps) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 012345 No. of Reno connections

16. Recall that the first TCPW version used a “bandwidth like” estimator (BE) given by: TCPW original estimation (BE) t k-1 t k dk dk sample exponential filter filter gain

17. TCPW Rate Estimation (TCP RE) Rate estimate (RE) is obtained by aggregating the data ACKed during the interval T (typically = RTT): sample exponential filter filter gain dkdk T d k-1 tktk T is the sample interval

18. BE overestimates fair rate ( = 2.5 Mbps) TCPW BE Not friendly to NewReno! TCPW RE or BE interaction with RENO No errors (bottleneck gets saturated) fair share Errors (0.5%), no congestion RE underestimates fair rate (=3.6 Mbps) TCPW RE does not improve thruput! fair share * (*) TCPW fair share > 50% because NewReno is incapable of getting 50% One TCPW RE or BE and one Reno share a 5Mbps bottleneck

19. TCPW with adaptive filter (AF) Neither RE or BE estimator are optimal for all situations BE is more effective in random loss RE is more appropriate in congestion loss (ie, buffer overflow) KEY IDEA: dynamically select the aggressive estimate (BE) or the conservative estimate (RE) depending on current channel status (congestion or random loss?) NEEDED: a “congestion measure” that gives us an idea of the most probable cause of packet loss (congestion or random) The Adaptive Filter actually provides a smooth transition from aggressive to conservative measure

20. TCPW AF: Sampling Adapting the size of sampling intervals to congestion level measure TkTk Congestion: T k grows TkTk No Congestion: T k = inter ACK continuous adaptation Rate sample

21. TCPW AF: Sampling (cont) The sample size T k is continuously adjusted according to current congestion: Max throughput assuming there is no congestion in the network actual achieved throughput Sample interval T k Upon ACK Receipt Severe Congestion: T k --> RTT Link Under Utilized: T k --> 0 (ie, inter ACK intrv) ABE Computes Congestion Level

22. TCP Westwood with Agile Probing: Handling Dynamic Large Leaky Pipes -- Problem address Infocom 2004 Leaky Pipes: packet loss due to error Unjustified cwnd cut and premature Slow Start exit Large Pipes: Large capacity and long delay Control scheme may not scale Dynamic Pipes: Dynamic load/changing link bandwidth (Due to change of technologies, e.g., 802.11, Bluetooth, GPRS) Linear increase limits efficiency

23. Persistent Non-Congestion Detection (PNCD) Persistent Non-congestion detected, Agile Probing invoked Dominant flows leave At around 50 sec

24. Agile Probing Objective: Guided by ERE (Eligible Rate Estimate), converge faster to more appropriate ssthresh adaptively and repeatedly resets ssthresh to ERE*RTTmin Exponentially increase cwnd if ssthresh >cwnd Linearly increase cwnd if ERE < ssthresh Exit Agile Probing when packet loss is detected

25. Agile Probing

26. Performance Evaluation (1) Throughput vs. bottleneck capacity during first 20 seconds (RTT=100ms)

27. Performance Evaluation (2) Throughput vs. delay: 100 flows (each last 30sec) randomly spread out during 20 minutes (bottleneck capacity = 45Mbps)

28. Convergence/Friendliness 2 connections 10 connections (5 each) ( one TCPW one NewReno) TCPW with Agile Probing converges to the same rate as NewReno, showing friendliness

29. Lab Measurements Results (FreeBSD Implementation) Persistent Non-Congestion Detection(PNCD) invokes Agile Probing after dominant flow left Startup invokes Agile Probing

30. Performance Evaluation (3) Friendliness and convergence

31. Summary Introduced the concept of Rate Estimation and related work Reviewed end-to-end estimation based congestion control methods Presented TCP Westwood, and the evolution of “fair rate” estimate to improve the performance; showed simulation results to evaluate the method Compared TCPW with other methods