1. What does peer review involve? Here are some of the aspects of the research that are scrutinised: Originality of the research The appropriateness of the overall research design, including the methods used to collect and analyse the data Ethical issues The sample technique used Potential sources of bias The operationalization and control of key variables The reliability, validity and interpretation of the findings The appropriateness of any conclusions drawn Recommendations are made by other researchers and reviewers into whether the paper should be published in its original form, revised or rejected.

2. Peer review this study George has a feeling that people who own dogs are more caring than people who own cats. The reason why he thinks this may be the case is because he believes that dogs take more care than cats and therefore will attract those who have a more caring personality. He decides to ask some of his friends if they agree with him. He tells his friends that he thinks dog owners will be more caring than cat owners and why. Five of his friends agree with him. They suggest other reasons why dog owners may be more caring than cat owners that George had not thought of. Therefore, George concludes that he is right. Dog owners are more caring than cat owners. George consequently posts an article on an online forum stating that dog owners are more caring than cat owners with a discussion of all the reasons why this may be, incorporating the views he has collected from his friends.

3. Why is peer review so important? This peer review process helps to ensure that any research paper published in a well-respected journal has integrity and, therefore, can be taken seriously because it has been independently scrutinised by fellow researchers. Also, It is difficult for authors and researchers to spot every mistake in a piece of work. Showing the work to others increases the probability that weaknesses will be identified and addressed. It helps to prevent the dissemination of irrelevant findings, unwarranted claims, unacceptable interpretations, personal views and deliberate fraud. Peer reviewers also judge the quality and the significance of the research in a wider context.

4. Past exam question on peer review a) Outline what is meant by the term peer review in psychological research (2 marks) b) Explain why peer review is important in psychological research. (5 marks)

5. Mark scheme – a) AO1 =2 marks Peer review is the process by which psychological research papers, before publication, are subjected to independent scrutiny by other psychologists working in a similar field who consider the research in terms of its validity, significance and originality. 0 marks for ‘other psychologists look at the research’. 1 mark for a very brief outline eg ‘other psychologists look at the research report before it is published.’ One further mark for elaboration

6. Mark scheme – b)

7. Discuss these questions on potential problems with peer review May any bias on the part of the peer reviewers exist that may influence whether research is accepted and published? Is research more likely to be published that shows a difference between conditions (a significant result) or no difference between conditions (a non-significant result)? State why this matters Is research more or less likely to be published when it is written by an already respected psychologist or an unknown psychologist? State what this is likely to lead to