1. Economic Value of Public Access to Great Lakes Beaches Frank Lupi, 1 Feng Song & Michael Kaplowitz 1Department of Ag, Food, & Resource Economics; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife; Partnership for Ecosystem Research and Management

2. Beaches are Priceless? Not bought and sold in markets… –But valued by people… Use “Non market valuation” techniques Gap in literature –Dozens of studies on saltwater beach values –Only a couple for GL beaches

3. Use “travel cost method” Method of estimating demand and value for recreation related resources Uses time & money costs of travel as the price of recreation trips Use trips & price to estimate demand Relate this to site features Use to value and forecast demand response when site features or access change

4. Demand Curve

5. Shift in Demand quality/features change demographic changes substitute beach changes

6. Beach Recreation Model Usage = Fn(travel costs, environmental quality) Behavioral Model –How uses change when EQ changes –Can use for economic valuation

7. Beaches are Everywhere… One beach, people all over Where do they come from? Single person, beaches all over Were do they go? People from Everywhere…

8. 10 miles 50 miles Which site is better? Assume an economist goes to the beach... “RUM” Travel Cost

9. Recreational Uses/Behavioral Models (Research steps) Collect data with surveys of users Collect data on environmental quality of sites –Needs spatial & temporal variation Econometric modeling Application

10. Beach Uses “Pilot” survey Collected data on Michigan GL beach use –Web survey, N=3,286 –Beach visited the most in past years, N=2,566 Located 1,710 of these Estimated basic demand models –Trips significantly & positively related to beach length and fewer beach closure days

11. Model Specification Estimated as “two-level nested logit” GL Beaches in MDEQ database –grouped at zipcode level –143 site groups Data for Michigan residents only (our sample)

12. Beach Visits Nesting Structure

14. 25 Most-Valued GL Beaches Resident’s net benefits per predicted trip A trip to typical site is worth $48/day. The value of “access” to the site

15. Value to Users of GL Beaches Great Lake Value all beaches at this GL (per “any” trip) Total Values 13 mil trips 26 mil trips Michigan $75.55$982 mil$1,964 mil Huron $13.89$180 mil$361 mil Erie (St.Clair) $13.28$173 mil$345 mil Superior $2.67$35 mil$69 mil

16. What’s Missing Trip data –Better estimates of total trips –Timing of trips (when in the season) Additional site variables –Water clarity, slope, facilities, water temp, advisories at time, crowding, waves, etc. Good average site values –Find advisory effects, possible stigma, but not ready for closure valuation via dX

17. Next Steps Working on new model –New survey –More info on trips –Additional site data Opportunities to apply & connect with other research… Acknowledgements