2. Stroke = cardiovascular accident that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off, killing many neurons Risk factors = high blood pressure, hardened arteries, high intake of stimulants (ex. Cocaine)

3. Head injury = blow to the head causing impaired motor coordination and/or language ability Sometimes causes loss of intellectual functioning, such as concentration, memory, reasoning, judgment, problem- solving, decision-making Can affect personality ex. Phineas Gage Note: Disability depends on area of brain affected Concussion traumatic brain injury-youtube

4. Once neurons are destroyed, they are gone forever BUT, damaged neurons can regenerate dendrites & axons to restore SOME functions

5. Areas near the damaged site may take over lost function example: Aphasia = word finding problem; undamaged hemisphere can sometimes be trained to handle the language function but can rarely restore it to normal plasticity = ability of brain to reorganize & compensate for brain damage greatest in young kids before hemispheres are completely lateralized Awake-Brain Surgery