1. CSE 311: Foundations of Computing Fall 2014 Lecture 12: Primes, GCD

2. Basic Applications of mod Hashing Pseudo random number generation

3. Hashing

4. Pseudo-Random Number Generation Linear Congruential method

5. Modular Exponentiation mod 7 X 123456 1123456 2246135 3362514 4415263 5531642 6654321 aa1a1 a2a2 a3a3 a4a4 a5a5 a6a6 1 2 3 4 5 6

6. Exponentiation Compute 78365 81453 Compute 78365 81453 mod 104729 Output is small – need to keep intermediate results small

7. Repeated Squaring – small and fast Since a mod m ≡ a (mod m) for any a we have a 2 mod m = (a mod m) 2 mod m and a 4 mod m = (a 2 mod m) 2 mod m and a 8 mod m = (a 4 mod m) 2 mod m and a 16 mod m = (a 8 mod m) 2 mod m and a 32 mod m = (a 16 mod m) 2 mod m Can compute a k mod m for k=2 i in only i steps

8. Fast Exponentiation public static long FastModExp(long base, long exponent, long modulus) { long result = 1; base = base % modulus; while (exponent > 0) { if ((exponent % 2) == 1) { result = (result * base) % modulus; exponent -= 1; } /* Note that exponent is definitely divisible by 2 here. */ exponent /= 2; base = (base * base) % modulus; /* The last iteration of the loop will always be exponent = 1 */ /* so, result will always be correct. */ } return result; } b e mod m = (b 2 ) e/2 mod m, when e is even) b e mod m = (b*(b e-1 mod m) mod m)) mod m

9. Program Trace 78365 81453 mod M = ((78365 mod M) * (78365 81452 mod M)) mod M = (78365 * ((78365 2 mod M) 81452/2 mod M)) mod M = (78365 * ((78852) 40726 mod M)) mod M = (78365 * ((78852 2 mod M) 20363 mod M)) mod M = (78365 * (86632 20363 mod M)) mod M = (78365 * ((86632 mod M)* (86632 20362 mod M)) mod M =... = 45235 Let M = 104729

10. Fast Exponentiation Algorithm Another way: 81453 = 2 16 + 2 13 + 2 12 + 2 11 + 2 10 + 2 9 + 2 5 + 2 3 + 2 2 + 2 0 a 81453 = a 2 16 · a 2 13 · a 2 12 · a 2 11 · a 2 10 · a 2 9 · a 2 5 · a 2 3 · a 2 2 · a 2 0 a 81453 mod m= (…(((((a 2 16 mod m · a 2 13 mod m ) mod m · a 2 12 mod m) mod m · a 2 11 mod m) mod m · a 2 10 mod m) mod m · a 2 9 mod m) mod m · a 2 5 mod m) mod m · a 2 3 mod m) mod m · a 2 2 mod m) mod m · a 2 0 mod m) mod m

11. Primality An integer p greater than 1 is called prime if the only positive factors of p are 1 and p. A positive integer that is greater than 1 and is not prime is called composite.

12. Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic Every positive integer greater than 1 has a unique prime factorization 48 = 2 2 2 2 3 591 = 3 197 45,523 = 45,523 321,950 = 2 5 5 47 137 1,234,567,890 = 2 3 3 5 3,607 3,803

13. Factorization

14. Euclid’s Theorem

15. Famous Algorithmic Problems Primality Testing – Given an integer n, determine if n is prime Factoring – Given an integer n, determine the prime factorization of n

16. Factoring Factor the following 232 digit number [RSA768]: 123018668453011775513049495838496272077 285356959533479219732245215172640050726 365751874520219978646938995647494277406 384592519255732630345373154826850791702 612214291346167042921431160222124047927 4737794080665351419597459856902143413

17. 334780716989568987860441698482126908177047949837 137685689124313889828837938780022876147116525317 43087737814467999489 367460436667995904282446337996279526322791581643 430876426760322838157396665112792333734171433968 10270092798736308917

18. Greatest Common Divisor

19. GCD and Factoring a = 2 3 3 5 2 7 11 = 46,200 b = 2 3 2 5 3 7 13 = 204,750 GCD(a, b) = 2 min(3,1) 3 min(1,2) 5 min(2,3) 7 min(1,1) 11 min(1,0) 13 min(0,1) Factoring is expensive! Can we compute GCD(a,b) without factoring?

20. Useful GCD Fact If a and b are positive integers, then gcd(a,b) = gcd(b, a mod b)

21. Euclid’s Algorithm GCD(660,126)

22. Euclid’s Algorithm GCD(x, y) = GCD(y, x mod y) int GCD(int a, int b){ /* a >= b, b > 0 */ int tmp; while (b > 0) { tmp = a % b; a = b; b = tmp; } return a; } Example: GCD(660, 126)