1. Energy materials research in the context of the SET Plan
Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
Energy materials research in the context of the SET Plan
Harald Bolt
Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich
E2C, Budapest,

2. Contents Role of materials in energy technologies
Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
Contents
Role of materials in energy technologies
Example: Materials for extreme environments
Example: Electrochemical materials for SOFC
Materials for low carbon energy technologies
“Materials for Energy” in Europa
E2C 2013

3. Role of Materials in Energy Technologies
Photovoltaics
Nanocrystall. semicond.
Nanocomposites
Fusion, Fission
„Nano steels“
Composites
Waste matrices
Turbines, Carbon captur
SC and dirc. C alloys
Nanophase ceramics
Membranes
E-Generation
Nanoelectronic materials
LED-lighting
Nano-carbon for „cool“ IT
Fuel cells
Catalysts
Nanostructured electrodes
High mobility membranes
ENERGY
Efficiency
Conversion
Structural nanomaterials
Lightweight for transportation
High insulation for buildings
Hydrogen generation
(Photo-) catalysts
Nanostructured electrodes
Storage
Batteries
Catalysts
Nanoporous electrodes
Hydrogen storage
Functional nanomat.
Nano-surfaces
J. Gobrecht, H. Bolt, Nanotechnologies for Energy Research,

4. Example: Materials for extreme environments

5. Thermal loads in different technologies
Reentry vehicle 85
Ariane 5 /Vulcain 2
PWR-fuel element
 1
 20
ITER Divertor
2000
ELMs in ITER
power density MW/m2
Rolls-Royce Trent 900

6. Extreme environment Several severe loading conditions at the same time
Stationary heat flux: up to 20 MW/m2
up to 80 MW/m2 for minutes transient pulses: several GW/m2
Ions, atoms:
chemically reactive (ox., hydr.)
energetic (up to keV-range)
up to 150 dpa, generation of H and He
Caused e.g. by
thermal gradients+external loads
dissimilar material compounds

7. Application fields and synergies
Potential spin-offs: - thermal hydrogen generation
- very high temperature heat exchangers
- new brake materials
European Integrated Project
37 European partners (from 13 member states)

8. Fibre reinforced metal composites

9. Applications for new heat sink Materials
New Cu-based heat sink materials for different applications
Electronic power module - Al-SiC base
(Siemens)
Thruster wall (EADS)
Divertor (Ansaldo)

10. Example: Fusion Demonstration Reactor DEMO
Heat removal requires a
heat sink material with
- very high thermal conductivity
- mechanical stability at
high temperatures (>500°C)
CuCrZr, DS-Cu cannot be applied
Metal-matrix composites:
SiCf- or Wf- reinforced Cu

11. Heat sink materials: Cu-based composites
DEMO – Divertor requirements
heat flux: MW/m2
coolant: water °C or
helium ~ °C…600°C
neutron damage ~ 30 dpa
Cu-MMC
Tube
300 °C W
Heat flux
400 µm
New heat sink materials:
- SiCf reinforced Cu
Operation temperature: 300…550°C
100 µm

12. SiCf / Cu: Tomographic analysis
SiCf / Cu (20% fibers)
150 µm
SiCf
Cu matrix
voids
3D view of the voids in the Cu matrix
 Tomography at ESRF, beamline ID-15A: ≤ 2 µm/pixel, 10 s / scan
V. Paffenholz, IPP
M. Schöbel, TUW

13. Interface engineering of SiCf–Cu composites
Push-out experiments
titanium
PVD-copper
gal. copper
SiC-fibre
20 µm
matrix deformation
Twin formation
5 µm
SiC-fibre
titaniumm
PVD-copper
gal. copper
10 µm
Interfacial shear strength: MPa
Interfacial friction strength: 54 MPa
A. Brendel, IPP

14. SiCf-Cu: Thermal conductivity
1 mm
*G. Kalinin, R. Matera / Journal of Nuclear Materials (1998)
Thermal conductivity of SiC fibre reinforced copper (νf=14%) in fibre direction is comparable with CuCrZr.
Laser flash measurments
A. Brendel, S. Lindig, IPP

15. Example: Electrochemical materials for SOFC

16. value chain: from materials to systems
Fuel cells
value chain: from materials to systems
system
analysis
materials
modelling
& simulation
cells
characterisation
system
design
stacks
analytics &
diagnostics
components
system
evaluation
system
verification

17. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Relevance of materials technologies
SOFC Development
FZ Juelich, IEK, ZEA

18. 24,000 h 0.18%/kh Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
Materials engineering provided step change in durability
24,000 h
0.18%/kh
Long time stability of SOFC stack
FZ Juelich, IEK, ZEA

19. Materials for low carbon energy technologies

20. Role of Materials in Energy Technologies
Photovoltaics
Nanocrystall. semicond.
Nanocomposites
Fusion, Fission
„Nano steels“
Composites
Waste matrices
Turbines, Carbon captur
SC and dirc. C alloys
Nanophase ceramics
Membranes
E-Generation
Nanoelectronic materials
LED-lighting
Nano-carbon for „cool“ IT
Fuel cells
Catalysts
Nanostructured electrodes
High mobility membranes
ENERGY
Efficiency
Conversion
Structural nanomaterials
Lightweight for transportation
High insulation for buildings
Hydrogen generation
(Photo-) catalysts
Nanostructured electrodes
Storage
Batteries
Catalysts
Nanoporous electrodes
Hydrogen storage
Functional nanomat.
Nano-surfaces
J. Gobrecht, H. Bolt, Nanotechnologies for Energy Research,

21. Further advances in energy materials require functional materials design modelling/simulation innovative processing routes (at industrial scale) characterization: functional, often at atomic level, time resolved operational testing and in operando characterization lifetime assessment/prediction

22. Understanding Functional Energy Materials requires characterization on the atomic scale using X-rays, Neutrons and Electrons
J. Gobrecht, H. Bolt, Nanotechnologies for Energy Research,

23. Microscopy at the picometer scale
Titan : primary resolution 80 pm, atom positions: down to 5 pm
Example:
Hexagonal
BSCF-
ceramic
aberration correction

24. Simulation Science Understanding and optimizing functional nanomaterials by „virtual experiments“
Links: Computer simulation of a fullerene molecule (white) moving a heliumatom fluid (green) through a carbon nanotube (blue).
Computer simulation of a fullerene molecule (white) moving a helium atom fluid (green) through a carbon nanotube (blue)

25. „Materials for Energy“ in Europa

26. SET-Plan Materials Road Map (28.11.2011)
EU Commission: Road mapping exercise to define materials research priorities toward the SET-Plan goals
10 Energy materials road maps:
Wind
Photovoltaics
Electricity storage
Hydrogen and fuel cells
Concentrated solar power
Grid
Bio Energy
Novel materials for fossil energy sector (including CCS)
Materials for nuclear fission
Energy efficient buildings
Chapters on cross-cutting synergies and methods (e.g. modelling/simulation, materials characterization) and on overarching issues (sustainability assessments, standardization)

27. Elements and Actors in Europe
SET-Plan: Strategic Energy Technology Plan Materials Roadmap enabling Low Carbon Energy Technologies
ESFRI: European Strategic Forum on Research Infrastructures European Materials Characterization Platform
EERA: European Energy Research Alliance
Network with joint programmes
EMIRI: European Energy Materials Industrial Research Initiative
EUA-EPUE: Energy Platform of the European Universities Association
EIT-KICs: InnoEnergy and Climate KIC: supporting new business

28. Documents related to „Materials for low carbon technologies“

29. Contents Role of materials in energy technologies
Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
Contents
Role of materials in energy technologies
Example: Materials for extreme environments
Example: Electrochemical materials for SOFC
Materials for low carbon energy technologies
“Materials for Energy” in Europa
E2C 2013

30. Thank you for your attention
Including contributions from: Aurelia Herrmann, Annegret Brendel, Christian Linsmeier, Freimut Koch,
Carmen Garcia-Rosales*, Jochen Linke**, Verena Paffenholz, Carmen Höschen; Stephan Lindig, Jeong-ha You, Gabi Matern, Susanne Köppl, Till Höschen, Martin Schöbel***, Stefan Kimmig, and further colleagues
Max Planck Institut für Plasmaphysik
*CEIT **Forschungszentrum Jülich ***TU Wien 30