1. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors Clothing: Important for Survival?

2. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors Hypothermia: What is it? It’s a silent killer of those who are not prepared to face a cool, wet day. It happens when your body is not able to make enough heat to replace the warmth you lose to the environment around you.

3. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors If left untreated, hypothermia can kill. Nobody ever froze to death — instead, they died of hypothermia. The freezing part came later......and only if the temperature of the surrounding environment was below freezing. REMEMBER THIS:

4. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors Technically Speaking Hypothermia is a medical condition that results from the body’s inability to adequately replace heat lost to the surrounding environment. It can be reversed with appropriate care.

5. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors YOU have had it before! Have you ever felt cold? Did you begin to shiver? Did you shiver so hard that you couldn’t stop the shaking?

6. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors Hypothermia Weather It’s cold. It’s wet. I wish I was just about anywhere else. I sure as heck didn’t sign on for this! The weather doesn’t have to be freezing for you to get hypothermia. A 50°F (10°C) day with wind and rain will do just fine, thank you very much!

7. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors Responding to the Cold Environment The amount of heat you can generate (metabolism and exercise) is small in comparison to what you lose in a cold environment You have to prevent heat loss!! Unrelieved cold water immersion or low air temperatures and wind without adequate protective clothing usually results in lethal hypothermia

8. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors Shivering = Involuntary Change in Heat Production Involuntary shivering -> response to a drop in the body core temperature What interferes with the ability to shiver? Alcohol, some medications, low blood sugar, and exercising to exhaustion

9. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors Best Option? PREVENTION! Preparation can and will save your life. Plan for worst case scenario to avoid hypothermia. There are two things you can do: 1.Reduce heat loss 2.Increase heat production They won’t help you if you don’t apply them, though...

10. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors What to Wear? Clothing does not prevent much heat loss if the type of clothing is inadequate Special-purpose vapor barrier clothing -> to prevent or slow down evaporative heat loss Adequate clothing traps layers of warm air next to your body

11. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors A Word About Jeans... Cotton denim is just about the WORST fabric you can wear in wet weather If the cuffs of your jeans are out where they can get wet, the wicking action of cotton carries the water upwards Wet cotton denim in a breeze will transport heat away from your body as much as 240 times as quickly than if your skin is dry in calm air

12. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors At Risk Situations Alcoholics are one of the groups at highest risk for developing hypothermia because: Excess alcohol interferes with shivering Alcoholics are often malnourished Heat loss rates are increased because alcohol dilates the peripheral blood vessels Alcohol intake causes dehydration

13. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors At Risk Situations (cont) Unprotected immersion in water cooler than 60°- 70°F (16°-21°C) places you at risk Injured people are more likely to develop hypothermia -> shock or other complications Hypothermia can develop rapidly if you are immobilized involuntarily or voluntarily

14. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors At Risk Situations (con’t) Adverse weather conditions (high winds, low temperature, precipitation) can lead to hypothermia unless… 1. dressed adequately 2. adequately hydrated 3. taken in enough food

15. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors Recognizing Hypothermia You need to watch both yourself and the people with you for signs and symptoms If one member has obvious signs -> assume others likely have milder forms of hypothermia

16. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors Signs of Mild Hypothermia person complains of feeling cold & are often wet frequently shivering to some extent – may be unnoticable loss of interest in any activity beyond getting warm & very negative attitude Problems with muscular coordination -> starts with fine motor tasks in the hands Gradually unable to keep up with the group & trouble walking over rough terrain As core temperature continues to drop, stumbling becomes frequent, and person is clumsy with any task

17. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors Profound Hypothermia = core temperature of 90°F (32°C) or lower Five most common signs 1 — Mental changes 2 — Incoordination – standing/walking 3 — Cold skin – pale, bluish 4 — Acetone odor on breath-fruity 5 — Urine-soaked clothing Near Death? No one should be pronounced dead until they have been carefully rewarmed to near normal core temperature without successful resuscitation Profound Hypothermia

18. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors Treating Mild Hypothermia (Above 90°F (32°C)) If placed in a warm environment this group of hypothermia victims will rewarm with no complications Remove and replace wet clothing with dry Warm (body temperature) ->liquids may be given by mouth although there is virtually no warming effect Heat sources such as heating pads or hot water bottles may be used as external heat sources, and should be placed at points of least insulation (trunk, neck) A second person in a sleeping bag can provide additional warmth

19. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors Treating Profound Hypothermia Want to avoid ventricular fibrillation while slowly re-warming the patient Rescuers can trigger Ventricular Fibrillation through rough handling of the hypothermia victim Manipulating the victim’s limbs can pump cold blood back toward the heart, which can reduce its temperature enough to trigger ventricular fibrillation Patients with profound hypothermia need to be handled as gently as they would if they had a spinal fracture instead

20. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors Immersion Hypothermia When you are suddenly immersed in cold water, several things happen: * Your heart rate may increase as a result of fear or panic *most people immersed in cold water survive this initial stage *Try to control breathing DANGER! — NEVER dive into cold water!

21. © 1996 by Gaelic Wolf Outdoors Immersion Hypothermia (con’t) A positive attitude and will to survive are very important in cold water immersion incidents It will not extend survival times beyond those dictated by the water and your body It will help prevent you from giving up Knowledge of how immersion hypothermia works and being prepared will definitely help you to extend your survival time