1. WHY INTERVENTIONS? (AND WHICH TYPES? HOW TO POSITION ONESELF TOWARDS LOCAL ACTORS?)

2. Root Causes: Breakdown of Societies

3. Root Causes, Contributing Factors & Justifications: Breakdown of Societies

4. Topics Last Week n Sources of Conflict n Continuation of Conflict Main Conclusion: Be specific about the meaning of political (structural factors, economic, ethnic, religious, etc.) Today, we do the same for the word intervention.

5. TOPICS n On the course: u Paper (Contents & set-up) u Bulletin Boards u Readings for next week n Types of Intervention: u Military (different types) u Civilian (different types) n Alex de Waal’s book (& other literature)

6. Common Themes: n legal n moral n differences between military and civilian interventions n evolution of intervention n positioning of intervening actors towards the actors in the field n lots of debate; lack of clarity n Next classes: distinguishing different types of actors and their roles (e.g., different types of NGOs, such as ICRC, MSF, OXFAM)

7. TYPES OF INTERVENTIONS Military n Security Council decision n Department of Peace- keeping Operations (DPKO) n all other organizations n ++ Legal (Moral) MilitaryCivilian (UN mainly) n Secretary General initiative n Department of Political Affairs (DPA) n all other organizations n ++ Moral (Legal) Civilian (NGO mainly) n no central decision (state sovereignty) n all organi- zations (but not SC or SG) n ++ Moral (- Legal)

8. MILITARY INTERVENTION n Double nature of the military: due to its power and technology, it is u a decisive threat to life & order, and u the instrument to protect both n When to use force? u Non-intervention is the norm: F non-intervention to prevent wars of religion; F non-intervention to protect self- determination and/or communal autonomy F non-intervention to prevent the sub- ordination of small states to large states

9. MILITARY INTERVENTION n Conclusion: non-intervention to contain powerful states and protect sovereignty n One big exception (allow use of force): u Genocide (but no force used to stop Rwandan genocide) u Human Rights abuses? n Hehir wants to broaden the possibilities for intervention in case of human rights abuse in failed states (little int. law on it, common art. 3)

10. MILITARY INTERVENTION n If one uses force, distinguish: u jus ad bellum (defining the conditions under which force can be used) u jus in bello (defining how force is to be legitimately employed) Practical problems will come in future class on actors!)

11. MILITARY INTERVENTION n Normally, the Security Council decides, one big exception: u NATO action in Serbia/Kosovo n Different types of military intervention: u peacekeeping: the deployment of a UN presence in the field, hitherto with the consent of all parties concerned … that expands the possibilities for both the prevention of conflict and the making of peace (first and second generation)

12. MILITARY INTERVENTION u peace-building: efforts to identify and support structures which will tend to consolidate peace and advance (development actors play a big role) u peace-making: action to bring hostile parties to an agreement (diplomats play a big role) u peace enforcement: emplacement of UN personnel in conflict situations without the parties’ consent

13. MILITARY INTERVENTION n In all but peace-enforcement, consent of the parties is crucial n peace enforcement has been the least successful in practice, e.g., Somalia

14. MILITARY INTERVENTION Kofi Annan’s article: n problem of overlap (a different form of mission creep) n importance of clear criteria for action u mandates u consent (political will, negotiations) u impartiality u the use (or threat of use) of force: can it be effective. In Bosnia mix up peacekeeping and peace-enforcement u selectivity (disparities in allocation) n consent, impartiality, selectivity also important in other types of interventions

15. CIVILIAN INTERVENTION WITH UN SECRETARIAT n Ideal once there is, or is a reasonable hope on a peace accord n Focus is on rebuilding after peace n Lead agency for the whole country and/or specific agency Don’t forget other instruments; n sanctions/conditionality n denunciations n denial of problematic privileges n development cooperation

16. CIVILIAN INTERVENTION (WHO DECIDES? HOW?) n No peace accord n No military n These actors are poised to intervene, no such distinction as jus ad bellum and jus in bello n What do the criteria in action become, in other words how does an organization position itself in conflict

17. CIVILIAN INTERVENTION (WHO DECIDES? HOW?) Hugo Slim’s article n looks at four points: u humanity u neutrality u impartiality u solidarity n He describes the problems with each term and how the discussion have evolved

18. TOPICS n On the course: u Paper (Contents & set-up) u Bulletin Boards u Readings for next week n Types of Intervention: u Military (different types) u Civilian (different types) n Alex de Waal’s book (& other literature)