1. CELLS – Chapters 6, 7, 11, 12 Cell Structure, Membrane Function, Cell Communication and the Cell Cycle/Mitosis

2. CELLS are based on Cell Theory states that 1. all living things are made of cells 2. all cells come from other cells 3. Cells are the most basic unit of life Cell structures & function Cell replication Ch 6, 7, 11 Ch 12

4. Endomembrane System Secreted or membrane- bound proteins only (Free ribosomes synthesis soluble cytosolic proteins)

5. Cells are dynamic! Cell division & growth Metabolism – Building proteins and other cell parts (anabolism) – Catabolism – Repair of damaged cell parts – Chemical reactions to stay alive and maintain homeostasis Cell communication

6. Membrane Structure & Function

7. Critical components of selectively permeable membrane Phospholipids – barrier Cholesterol – regulates fluidity Transmembrane proteins – render selectivity – Receptors – Ion channels – Aquaporins – allow water to pass into/out of cell – Transport proteins Outer leaflet – Carbohydrates – cell identification – Extracellular matrix (ECM) – interaction with surroundings

8. Types of molecular movement across the cell membrane Passive Transport – Diffusion – Facilitated Diffusion – Osmosis Active Transport Bulk transport: Endocytosis/Exocytosis/Pinocytosis

9. Terms to know: Concentration gradient – a form of stored energy Solute Solvent Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic Equilibrium

11. Phrases to know Passive transport – Molecules move down/with their concentration gradient – From high concentration to low concentration Active transport – Molecules move against their concentration gradient – From low concentration to high concentration – Requires input of ATP energy from cell

12. Passive transport - Diffusion In the absence of any partitions, molecules will move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

13. Diffusion across a cell membrane What types of molecules can cross the membrane barrier freely? Molecules of dyeMembrane (a) Passive transport of one type of molecule Equilibrium (b) Passive transport of two types of molecules Equilibrium http://highered. mcgraw- hill.com/sites/00 72495855/stude nt_view0/chapte r2/animation__h ow_diffusion_wo rks.htmlhighered. mcgraw- hill.com/sites/00 72495855/stude nt_view0/chapte r2/animation

14. Passive transport - Facilitated Diffusion Requires a protein channel http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_facilitated_diffusion_works.html

15. Passive transport - Osmosis Movement of H2O through aquaporin proteins Depends on water potential – the direction water molecules will flow is determined by solute concentration on either side of the membrane http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_osmosis_works.html

16. Remember secondary and tertiary structure???

18. Animal cell Normal Lysing Plasmolysis Plant cell Flaccid Flaccid (wilts) Turgid Turgid (normal) Plasma membrane (a) Isotonic solution(b) Hypotonic solution(c) Hypertonic solution Shriveled The effects of osmosis differ in plant and animal cells

19. Active Transport Moves solutes against their concentration gradient via a transport protein http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_sodium_potassium_pump_works.html

20. Active transport – bulk transport via exocytosis, endocytosis & pinocytosis http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__phagocytosis.html

21. Receptor-mediated endocytosis

22. Receptor-mediated endocytosis: cholesterol uptake http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire /content/chp05/0502003.html

23. Visual Summary 5.2

24. Cell Signaling Cells communicate with one another for several reasons – Growth – Development – Stimulate immune response – Regulate gene expression – Relay/transmit signals in nervous system – Fight or flight response – Homeostasis (example: regulate blood glucose)

26. Three stages of cell signaling Reception, Transduction, Response Animations: Ch 11 http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__receptors_linked_to_a_ch annel_protein.html

29. Ch 12 – Mitosis & the Cell Cycle

30. Mitosis: duplicating cells Occurs in somatic cells (body cells) throughout life – Wound healing – Growth – Repair/maintenance (skin, intestine, hair follicles, replacement of uterine lining after menstruation)

32. Results of (normal) Mitosis 2 genetically identical cells (“daughter cells”) http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/stude nt_view0/chapter2/animation__ mitosis_and_cytokinesis.html

33. Checkpoints regulate the cell cycle

34. Interplay of Cyclin and Cdk proteins regulates progression through the cell cycle

35. Normal cell division has 2 key characteristics: Density-dependent inhibition Anchorage dependency Cells that are not adhered to a surface will not proliferate Cells use cell signaling to detect growth factors and density signals