1. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering 1 CE 3205 Water and Environmental Engineering Stilling Basins & Energy Dissipators

2. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Introduction  The stilling basin is an important part of the dam structure.  It controls the velocity of falling water on the downstream side of the dam in order to prevent damage to the dam ’ s foundation.  The energy contained in this rushing water is dissipated in a concrete stilling basin in a phenomenon known as hydraulic jump. 2

3. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Introduction  Hydraulic jump is one of the most frequently encountered phenomena of rapidly varying flow. Formation of hydraulic jump is usually required for energy dissipation in stilling basins.  US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) types I, II, III, IV and V stilling basins have the recommended design procedures. 3

4. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Importance of Stilling Basin The basin protects the stream-bed from the destructive energy of the hydraulic jump. Excess water flows from dam via a spillway. When the flow is released over the spillway structure, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy at the toe of spillway. The flow is supercritical and has a very high velocity and hence erosive power. Therefore, this energy must be dissipated in order to prevent the possibility of severe scouring of the downstream riverbed and undermining of the foundations. The dissipation of kinetic energy can be achieved by hydraulic jumped stilling basins. 4

5. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Design Considerations The design of a stilling basin structure involves Investigation of the river cross-section Determination of the water depth in the river Evaluation of the energy levels Definition of the downstream channel dimensions, Calculation of flow depth and finally an analysis of hydraulic jump in the stilling basin. 5

6. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Spillway Bukit Merah Reservoir, Perak, Malaysia 6

7. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering New Cronton Dam NY – Stepped Chute Spillway 7 7

8. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Karakaya Dam 8

9. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Chute Spillway 9

10. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Side-Channel Spillway Burrinjuck Dam on the Murrumbidgee River near Yass. 10

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12. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Hydraulic Jump Formulas Headloss Across the Jump h L = y 1 + V 1 2 /2g - (y 2 + V 2 2 /2g) 12

13. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Flow in the Channel 13

14. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering General Profile of the Stilling Basin (a) Plan View (b) Longitudinal Cross-section 14

15. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Stilling Basin 15

16. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Straight Drop Structures 16

17. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Inclined Drops or Chutes 17

18. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Hydraulic Jump Energy Dissipater Froude number Fr = V/(gy) 1/2 Fr > 1 – supercritical flow Fr < 1 – subcritical flow Transition from supercritical to subcritical on a mild slope – hydraulic jump 18

19. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Characteristics of Hydraulic Jump 19

20. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Hydraulic Jump Jump in horizontal rectangular channel y 2 /y 1 = ½ ((1+8Fr 1 2 ) 1/2 -1) y 1 /y 2 = ½ ((1+8Fr 2 2 ) 1/2 -1) Loss of energy  E = E 1 – E 2 = (y 2 – y 1 ) 3 / (4y 1 y 2 ) Length of jump L j  6y 2 20

21. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Type IV Stilling Basin: 2.5<Fr<4.5 21

22. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering 22 Type IV Stilling Basin – 2.5<Fr<4.5

23. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Type IV Stilling Basin – 2.5<Fr<4.5 Energy loss in this Froude number range is less than 50% To increase energy loss and shorten the basin length, an alternative design may be used to drop the basin level and increase tailwater depth 23

24. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Type III Stilling Basin: Fr>4.0 24

25. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering When Fr > 4.0, but V < 60 ft/sec, use Type III basin Type III – chute blocks, baffle blocks and end sill Reason for requiring V<60 fps – to avoid cavitation damage to the concrete surface and limit impact force to the blocks 25 Type III Stilling Basin: Fr>4.0

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27. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Type III Stilling Basin – Fr>4.0 27

28. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Type III Stilling Basin: Fr>4.0 Calculate impact force on baffle blocks: F = 2  A (d 1 + hv 1 ) whereF = force in lbs  = unit weight of water in kg/m 3 A = area of upstream face of blocks in m 2 (d 1 +hv 1 ) = specific energy of flow entering the basin in m. 28

29. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Type II Stilling Basin – Fr>4.5 When Fr > 4.5 and V > 20 m/sec, use Type II stilling basin Because baffle blocks are not used, maintain a tailwater depth 5% higher than required as safety factor to stabilize the jump 29

30. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Type II Stilling Basin: Fr>4.5 30

31. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Example :Stilling basin design

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36. School of Civil Engineering/Linton School of Computing, Information Technology & Engineering Thank You 36