Course Project = Algal Lipid Production

Name: Course Project = Algal Lipid Production
Uploaded: 2017-10-14T07:15:14+00:00
Duration: PTM37S53
Channel: Kelly Cole
Description: Course Project = Algal Lipid Production

Course Project = Algal Lipid Production
Decide which algae to study Learn more about cell walls and lipid synthesis Design some experiments See where they lead us

Course Project = Algal Lipid Production
Decide which algae to study Next assignment: each pick an alga and product and convince the group in 5-10 minutes why your choice is best. Next Wed?

Course Project = Algal Lipid Production Potential experiments
Decide which algae to study Next assignment: each pick an alga and product and convince the group in 5-10 minutes why your choice is best. Next Wed? Potential experiments Effects of environment on lipid production

Decide which algae to study Next assignment: each pick an alga and product and convince the group in 5-10 minutes why your choice is best. Next Wed? Potential experiments Effects of environment on lipid production pCO2

Decide which algae to study Next assignment: each pick an alga and product and convince the group in 5-10 minutes why your choice is best. Next Wed? Potential experiments Effects of environment on lipid production pCO2 temperature

Decide which algae to study Next assignment: each pick an alga and product and convince the group in 5-10 minutes why your choice is best. Next Wed? Potential experiments Effects of environment on lipid production pCO2 Temperature Light quantity

Decide which algae to study Next assignment: each pick an alga and product and convince the group in 5-10 minutes why your choice is best. Next Wed? Potential experiments Effects of environment on lipid production pCO2 Temperature Light quantity Intensity

Decide which algae to study Next assignment: each pick an alga and product and convince the group in 5-10 minutes why your choice is best. Next Wed? Potential experiments Effects of environment on lipid production pCO2 Temperature Light quantity Intensity Duration (= photoperiod=daylength)

Decide which algae to study Next assignment: each pick an alga and product and convince the group in 5-10 minutes why your choice is best. Next Wed? Potential experiments Effects of environment on lipid production pCO2 Temperature Light quantity Light quality

Decide which algae to study Next assignment: each pick an alga and product and convince the group in 5-10 minutes why your choice is best. Next Wed? Potential experiments Effects of environment on lipid production pCO2 Temperature Light quantity Light quality = color(s)

Potential experiments
Effects of environment on lipid production pCO2 Temperature Light quantity Light quality = color(s) Nutrition

Effects of environment on lipid production pCO2 Temperature Light quantity Light quality = color(s) Nutrition N

Effects of environment on lipid production pCO2 Temperature Light quantity Light quality = color(s) Nutrition N P

Effects of environment on lipid production pCO2 Temperature Light quantity Light quality = color(s) Nutrition N P K

Effects of environment on lipid production pCO2 Temperature Light quantity Light quality = color(s) Nutrition N P K S

Effects of environment on lipid production pCO2 Temperature Light quantity Light quality = color(s) Nutrition N P K S Ca

Effects of environment on lipid production pCO2 Temperature Light quantity Light quality = color(s) Nutrition N P K S Ca Fe

Effects of environment on lipid production pCO2 Temperature Light quantity Light quality = color(s) Nutrition N P K S Ca Fe Mg

Effects of environment on lipid production Nutrition N P K S Ca Fe Mg micronutrients

Effects of environment on lipid production Nutrition N P K S Ca Fe Mg Micronutrients Vitamins

WATER Plants' most important chemical most often limits productivity Gives cells shape Dissolves many chem: most biochem occurs in water Constantly lose water due to PS (1000 H2O/CO2)

Plant Water Uptake Water is drawn through plants along the SPAC, relying on adhesion & cohesion (&surface tension) to draw water from the soil into the air

Water potential Water moves to lower its potential Depends on: [H2O]: Ys (osmotic potential) Pressure Yp Gravity Yg Yw = Ys +Yp + Yg

Measuring water potential
YP (pressure potential) is hard! Pressure bomb = most common technique Others include pressure transducers, xylem probes Therefore disagree about H2O transport in xylem

Water transport Therefore disagree about H2O transport in xylem Driving force = evaporation in leaves (evapotranspiration) Continuous H2O column from leaf to root draws up replacement H2O from soil (SPAC)

Water transport Driving force = evaporation in leaves (evapotranspiration) Continuous H2O column from leaf to root draws up replacement H2O Exact mech controversial

Water transport Driving force = evaporation in leaves (evapotranspiration) Continuous H2O column from leaf to root draws up replacement H2O Exact mech controversial Path starts at root hairs

Water transport Path starts at root hairs Must take water from soil

Path starts at root hairs Must take water from soil Ease depends on availability & how tightly it is bound

Path starts at root hairs Must take water from soil Ease depends on availability & how tightly it is bound Binding depends on particle size & chem

Must take water from soil Ease depends on availability & how tightly it is bound Binding depends on particle size & chem Availability depends on amount in soil pores

Availability depends on amount in soil pores Saturation: completely full

Availability depends on amount in soil pores Saturation: completely full Field capacity: amount left after gravity has drained excess

Availability depends on amount in soil pores Saturation: completely full Field capacity: amount left after gravity has drained excess Permanent wilting point: amount where soil water potential is too negative for plants to take it up

Water movement in plants
Water enters via root hairs mainly through apoplast until hits Casparian strip : hydrophobic barrier in cell walls of endodermis

Water movement in plants
Water enters via root hairs mainly through apoplast until hits Casparian strip : hydrophobic barrier in cell walls of endodermis Must enter endodermal cell

Water Transport Water enters via root hairs mainly through apoplast until hits Casparian strip : hydrophobic barrier in cell walls of endodermis Must enter endodermal cell Why flooded plants wilt!

Water Transport Water enters via root hairs mainly through apoplast until hits Casparian strip : hydrophobic barrier in cell walls of endodermis Must enter endodermal cell Why flooded plants wilt! Controls solutes

Water Transport Must enter endodermal cell Controls solutes Passes water & nutrients to xylem

Water Transport Passes water & nutrients to xylem Ys of xylem makes root pressure

Water Transport Passes water & nutrients to xylem Ys of xylem makes root pressure Causes guttation: pumping water into shoot

Water Transport Passes water & nutrients to xylem Ys of xylem makes root pressure Causes guttation: pumping water into shoot Most water enters near root tips

Water Transport Most water enters near root tips Xylem is dead! Pipes for moving water from root to shoot

Water Transport Most water enters near root tips Xylem is dead! Pipes for moving water from root to shoot Most movement is bulk flow

Water Transport Xylem is dead! Pipes for moving water from root to shoot Most movement is bulk flow adhesion to cell wall helps

Water Transport Xylem is dead! Pipes for moving water from root to shoot Most movement is bulk flow adhesion to cell wall helps Especially if column is broken by cavitation (forms embolisms)

Water Transport Most movement is bulk flow adhesion to cell wall helps Especially if column broken by cavitation In leaf water passes to mesophyll

Water Transport Most movement is bulk flow adhesion to cell wall helps Especially if column broken by cavitation In leaf water passes to mesophyll, then to air via stomates

Water Transport In leaf water passes to mesophyll, then to air via stomates Driving force = vapor pressure deficit (VPD) air dryness

Water Transport In leaf water passes to mesophyll, then to air via stomates Driving force = vapor pressure deficit (VPD) air dryness ∆ H2O vapor pressure [H2O(g)] & saturated H2O vapor pressure

Water Transport In leaf water passes to mesophyll, then to air via stomates Driving force = vapor pressure deficit (VPD) air dryness ∆ H2O vapor pressure [H2O(g)] & saturated H2O vapor pressure saturated H2O vapor pressure varies with T, so RH depends on T

Water Transport In leaf water passes to mesophyll, then to air via stomates Driving force = vapor pressure deficit (VPD) air dryness ∆ H2O vapor pressure [H2O(g)] & saturated H2O vapor pressure saturated H2O vapor pressure varies with T, so RH depends on T VPD is independent of T: says how fast plants lose H2O at any T

Water Transport In leaf water passes to mesophyll, then to air via stomates Driving force = vapor pressure deficit (VPD) air dryness Rate depends on pathway resistances

Water Transport Rate depends on pathway resistances stomatal resistance

Water Transport Rate depends on pathway resistances stomatal resistance Controlled by opening/closing

Lipid metabolism Most are glycerolipids: fatty acids bonded to glycerol

GLYCEROLIPIDS Triacylglycerols = FAs on all 3 C store energy

GLYCEROLIPIDS Bond FA to glycerol Diacylglycerols = FAs on 2 Cs, headgroup on C 3

GLYCEROLIPIDS Diacylglycerols = FAs on 2 Cs, headgroup on C 3 Form bilayers in water

Lipid metabolism Unique aspects in plants Make fatty acids by same set of reactions, but in plastids with a prokaryotic fatty acid synthase 12 proteins, cf one multifunctional protein

Lipid metabolism Make fatty acids in plastids with a prokaryotic FAS 12 proteins, instead of one multifunctional protein Assemble some lipids in CP, others in ER

Lipid metabolism Make fatty acids in plastids with a prokaryotic FAS 12 proteins, instead of one multifunctional protein Assemble some lipids in CP, others in ER Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is also prokaryotic = 4 subunits, except in grasses (profoxydim & other grass herbicides inhibit ACCase)

Lipid metabolism Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is also prokaryotic = 4 subunits, except in grasses (profoxydim & other grass herbicides inhibit ACCase) Same biochem, but diff location and enzymes

Lipid metabolism Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is also prokaryotic = 4 subunits, except in grasses (profoxydim & other grass herbicides inhibit ACCase) Same biochem, but diff location and enzymes In light cp make lots of NADPH, and leaves are main sinks for FA

Lipid metabolism Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is also prokaryotic = 4 subunits, except in grasses (profoxydim & other herbicides inhibit ACCase) Same biochem, but diff location and enzymes In light cp make lots of NADPH, and leaves are main sinks for FA But, each cell makes its own FA, so NADPH in other cells comes from Pentose-Pi shunt

Lipid metabolism Source of acetyl-CoA is controversial Most comes from plastid PDH

Lipid metabolism Source of acetyl-CoA is controversial Most comes from plastid PDH Some comes from cytoplasmic acetate; activated in cp Also used to make sterols, some amino acids, many others

Lipid metabolism Source of acetyl-CoA is controversial Most comes from plastid PDH Some comes from cytoplasmic acetate; activated in cp Also used to make sterols, some amino acids, many others Why ACCase is “committed step”

Lipid metabolism Assemble some lipids in CP, others in ER “16:3 plants” assemble lipids in cp using FA-ACP = prokaryotic pathway (“primitive”)

Lipid metabolism “16:3 plants” assemble lipids in cp using FA-ACP = prokaryotic pathway (“primitive”) “18:3 plants” export FA, assemble lipids in ER using FA-CoA = eukaryotic pathway (“advanced”)

Lipid metabolism “16:3 plants” assemble lipids in cp using FA-ACP = prokaryotic pathway (“primitive”) “18:3 plants” export FA, assemble lipids in ER using FA-CoA = eukaryotic pathway (“advanced”) Substrates for most desaturases are lipids, not FA!

Lipid metabolism Unique aspects in plants Chloroplasts have lots of galactolipids: sugar linked directly to diacylglycerol

Lipid metabolism Unique aspects in plants Chloroplasts have lots of galactolipids: sugar linked directly to diacylglycerol: saves PO4

Lipid metabolism Unique aspects in plants Chloroplasts have lots of galactolipids: sugar linked directly to diacylglycerol : saves PO4 A) MGDG (Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol) 50% cp -> most abundant lipid on earth!

Lipid metabolism Unique aspects in plants Chloroplasts have lots of galactolipids: sugar linked directly to diacylglycerol : saves PO4 A) MGDG (Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol) 50% cp B) DGDG (Digalactosyl diacylglycerol) 28% cp

Lipid metabolism Chloroplasts have lots of galactolipids: sugar linked directly to diacylglycerol : saves PO4 A) MGDG (Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol) 50% cp B) DGDG (Digalactosyl diacylglycerol) 28% cp C) SQDG ( Sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol) 16% cp

Lipid metabolism Chloroplasts have lots of galactolipids: sugar linked directly to diacylglycerol : saves PO4 A) MGDG (Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol) 50% cp B) DGDG (Digalactosyl diacylglycerol) 28% cp C) SQDG ( Sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol) 16% cp Very unsaturated!

Lipid metabolism Chloroplasts have lots of galactolipids: sugar linked directly to diacylglycerol : saves PO4 A) MGDG (Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol) 50% cp B) DGDG (Digalactosyl diacylglycerol) 28% cp C) SQDG ( Sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol) 16% cp Very unsaturated! Makes membranes very fluid

Lipid metabolism Chloroplasts have lots of galactolipids: sugar linked directly to diacylglycerol : saves PO4 A) MGDG (Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol) 50% cp B) DGDG (Digalactosyl diacylglycerol) 28% cp C) SQDG ( Sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol) 16% cp Very unsaturated! Makes membranes very fluid Source of 3 FA

Lipid metabolism Unique aspects in plants Make fatty acids in plastids large amounts of galactolipids Oleosomes: oil-storing organelles with only outer leaflet

Lipid metabolism Oleosomes: oil-storing organelles with only outer leaflet Put oils between the leaflets as they are made

Lipid metabolism Oleosomes: oil-storing organelles with only outer leaflet Put oils between the leaflets as they are made Add oleosin proteins to outside: curve the membrane

Lipid metabolism Oleosomes: oil-storing organelles with only outer leaflet Put oils between the leaflets as they are made Add oleosin proteins to outside: curve the membrane Oils often have unusual fatty acids

Lipid metabolism Use fats to store carbon as well as energy!!?? Recover C via glyoxylate cycle & gluconeogenesis

Lipid metabolism Biological roles Plasma membrane lipids help survive freezing

Lipid metabolism Biological roles Plasma membrane lipids help survive freezing Unacclimated cells vesiculate as they lose water & pop when it returns

Lipid metabolism Biological roles Plasma membrane lipids help survive freezing Unacclimated cells vesiculate as they lose water & pop when it returns Acclimated cells shrivel & reswell

Lipid metabolism Biological roles Plasma membrane lipids help survive freezing Mito lipid composition may also influence chilling sensitivity CS plants (eg bananas) are damaged at 10˚ C

Lipid metabolism Biological roles Plasma membrane lipids help survive freezing Mito lipid composition may also influence chilling sensitivity CS plants (eg bananas) are damaged at 10˚ C Mito show defects at <10˚ C not seen in other plants

Lipid metabolism CS plants (eg bananas) are damaged at 10˚ C Mito show defects at <10˚ C not seen in other plants Membrane lipids show phase changes at these T

Lipid metabolism CS plants (eg bananas) are damaged at 10˚ C Mito show defects at <10˚ C not seen in other plants Membrane lipids show phase changes at these T Blamed on saturated PG

Lipid metabolism Biological (& commercial) roles Plasma membrane lipids help survive freezing Mito lipid composition influences chilling sensitivity Mito show defects at <10˚ C not seen in other plants unsaturated FA did not fix CS, but saturated FA made it worse: reason for GM desaturases

Lipid metabolism Other commercial aspects Yield and quality of seed oil is very important:12 million tons/year

Lipid metabolism Other commercial aspects Yield and quality (especially unsaturation) of seed oil is very important:12 million tons/year Want more double bonds, especially w-3, for health Want less double bonds for shelf life and taste Each double bond increases p(oxidation) 40x

Lipid metabolism Other commercial aspects Yield and quality (especially unsaturation) of seed oil is very important:12 million tons/year Want more double bonds, especially w-3, for health Want less double bonds for shelf life and taste Each double bond increases p(oxidation) 40x Have GM oils with more & less double bonds

Lipid metabolism Other commercial aspects Yield and quality of seed oil is very important:12 million tons/year Also have markets for many specialized oils

Lipid metabolism Other commercial aspects Yield and quality of seed oil is very important Also have markets for many specialized oils Have genetically-engineered many crops to alter seed oils or produce specific fats

Lipid metabolism Biofuels are now very fashionable Biodiesel = fatty acid methyl esters Trans-esterify oils to make them volatile

Lipid metabolism Biofuels are now very fashionable Biodiesel = fatty acid methyl esters Trans-esterify oils to make them volatile Projected to be 10% of european diesel in 2015

Lipid metabolism Biofuels are now very fashionable Biodiesel = fatty acid methyl esters Trans-esterify oils, used cooking oil, etc Projected to be 10% of european diesel in 2010 Also use coconut & other oils directly in diesel engines

Lipid metabolism Also use coconut & other oils directly in diesel engines Just need to be sufficiently fluid to reach cylinder

Lipid metabolism Also use coconut & other oils directly in diesel engines Just need to be sufficiently fluid to reach cylinder Add double bonds to fatty acids or make them shorter

Lipid metabolism Also use coconut & other oils directly in diesel engines Just need to be sufficiently fluid to reach cylinder Add double bonds to fatty acids or make them shorter Problem: shifting from growing food to growing fuel!

Lipid metabolism Problem: shifting from growing food to growing fuel! Raises price of soybeans & corn

Lipid metabolism Problem: shifting from growing food to growing fuel! Raises price of soybeans & corn Cut down forests to grow oil crops in tropics

Lipid metabolism Problem: shifting from growing food to growing fuel! Raises price of soybeans & corn Cut down forests to grow oil crops in tropics Is this environmentally sound?

Lipid metabolism Problem: shifting from growing food to growing fuel! Raises price of soybeans & corn Cut down forests to grow oil crops in tropics Is this environmentally sound? Depends on real costs of growing, processing and delivering products

Lipid metabolism Is this environmentally sound? Depends on real costs of growing, processing and delivering products NO! for corn-based ethanol! Use more fuel to grow, process & deliver it than gain

Lipid metabolism Is this environmentally sound? Depends on real costs of growing, processing and delivering products NO! for corn-based ethanol! Use more fuel to grow, process & deliver it than gain Probably yes for cellulosic ethanol: use more of plant, less fuel to grow, process & harvest

Lipid metabolism Is this environmentally sound? Depends on real costs of growing, processing and delivering products NO! for corn-based ethanol! Use more fuel to grow, process & deliver it than gain Probably yes for cellulosic ethanol: use more of plant, less fuel to grow, process & harvest Maybe for soy-based biodiesel

Lipid metabolism Is this environmentally sound? Depends on real costs of growing, processing and delivering products NO! for corn-based ethanol! Use more fuel to grow, process & deliver it than gain Probably yes for cellulosic ethanol: use more of plant, less fuel to grow, process & harvest Maybe for soy-based biodiesel Maybe for other biodiesel

Lipid metabolism Is this environmentally sound? Depends on real costs of growing, processing and delivering products NO! for corn-based ethanol! Use more fuel to grow, process & deliver it than gain Probably yes for cellulosic ethanol: use more of plant, less fuel to grow, process & harvest Maybe for soy-based biodiesel Maybe for other biodiesel What are the real costs?

Lipid metabolism Problem: are shifting from growing food to growing fuel! Raises price of soybeans & corn Cut down forests to grow oil crops in tropics Is this environmentally sound? What are the real costs? What else could be grown?

Lipid metabolism What are the real costs? What else could be grown? Plants that release H2?

Lipid metabolism What are the real costs? What else could be grown? Plants that release H2? What else could be done?

Lipid metabolism What are the real costs? What else could be grown? Plants that release H2? What else could be done? Burn crops to make electricity?

Lipid metabolism What are the real costs? What else could be grown? Plants that release H2? What else could be done? Burn crops to make electricity? EthosGen (Jim Abrams) wants to build an ethanol production plant in Newport Township

Lipid metabolism What are the real costs? What else could be grown? Plants that release H2? What else could be done? Burn crops to make electricity? EthosGen (Jim Abrams) wants to build an ethanol production plant in Newport Township Army likes their idea, except want them to make electricity instead!

Lipid metabolism What are the real costs? What else could be grown? Plants that release H2? What else could be done? Burn crops to make electricity? EthosGen (Jim Abrams) wants to build an ethanol production plant in Newport Township Army likes their idea, except want them to make electricity instead! Northeast Ethanol and Renewable Resources Ltd. wants to put a corn ethanol facility in Mayfield

Course Project = Algal Lipid Production

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