1. Claudia Achatschitz How do „I“ get what „I“ need GeoGeras 2005 Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography

2. Claudia Achatschitz 2 Complex structure of information systems Overwhelming user with information Huge amount of data in one system Systems are technology driven Motivation

3. Claudia Achatschitz 3 Decisions Hypothesis Utilities Direct manipulation interfaces Conclusion/Outlook Overview

4. Claudia Achatschitz 4 A problem that needs to be solved -> starts the decision making process A set of feasible alternatives to choose from Data sets describing facts contribute either positively or negatively to each feasible alternative Decision rules pick a suitable alternative out of the feasible Decisions

5. Claudia Achatschitz 5 Hypothesis / Question Does the set of information elements demanded for a spatial decision correspond to the parameters of a utility function? Data sets have to be included into the spatial decision making process if and only if they describe facts that appear in the corresponding utility function.

6. Claudia Achatschitz 6 Decision maker who has to select an alternative Individual with preferences Components of utility function represent preferences Components are consumption bundles, strategies, attributes constituting alternatives Utility Theory

7. Claudia Achatschitz 7 Example Campsite Requirments big parcel, easy to access close to the beach Utility function U(BIG) = p*U(BEACH) + (1-p) U(NOTHING) 1 = p*U(BEACH) + 0 1 = 0,8 U(BEACH) 1,25 = U(BEACH) UTILITIES OF TWO OUTCOMES PREFERENCE ORDERING U(NOTHING)= 0 U(BIG) = 1 U(BEACH) > U(BIG) U(BIG) > U(NOTHING)

8. Claudia Achatschitz 8 Direct Manipulation Representation of reality that can be manipulated Actions like pressing buttons instead of complex syntax Reversible operations – immediate feedback Structural understanding

9. Claudia Achatschitz 9 Example – Direct Manipulation Candidate critique model (Greg Linden) Goal –> acceptable solution User has to see that the solution best satisfies the preferences System provides available options User provides quality of options

10. Claudia Achatschitz 10 Automated Travel Assistant (Greg Linden 1997) „I want to fly from Vienna to Paris next Tuesday afternoon“ Austrian flight at 2:30 pm for 500 euro AirFrance at 12:30 pm for 520euro „I can not leave before 3:00 pm but I do prefer Austrian“ Austrian flight through Munich at 4:00 pm for 530.- „This is too expensive I would be willing to go on a later flight or another airline if it would be much cheaper“ Cheapest flight is AirBerlin at 8pm for 420.- „In that case the Austrian flight at 4:00 pm is fine.“ Example

11. Claudia Achatschitz 11 Direct manipulation to indicate preferences Turning buttons – tighten or relax preferences Preferences lead to utility function Only facts that appear in the utility function are relevant The selected data sets have to describe exactly these facts Direct Manipulation - Utilities

12. Claudia Achatschitz 12 To get what „I“ need: –a defined problem –direct manipulation –data sets that describe facts that appear in the corresponding utility function Conclusion

13. Claudia Achatschitz 13 Find case studies Investigate existing Information Systems Focus on relation direct manipulation – utility function Outlook

14. Claudia Achatschitz 14 Thank you