1. Lecture 3 Classes, Structs, Enums Passing by reference and value Arrays

2. Class Scope is by default private Requires a header file (.h) Constructor  Called when instantiating the class  A default constructor is always provided Destructor  Called when the removing allocated memory for a class (Only when instantiating dynamic objects)

3. Constructor and Destructor Header (.h) Source file (.cpp)

4. Instantiation

6. Assignment What happens? Is c the same as c1? What is being called?

7. Copy constructor There’s a default copy constructor! : after a class constructor is an initialization list

8. Copy constructor Called by passing in an instantiated object Called by the operator = //Calls copy constructor

9. Struct C data type Public scope Otherwise it’s the same as a class

11. Enums Useful for switch statements Default values -> 0, 1, 2, 3…

12. Gears are set to 0

13. Whenever we call a function e.g. y = sqrt(x);  A stack frame is created that holds The return memory address (where to go when the function ends) The parameters (if any) Local variables (if any) Return data type and value (if any)  The stack frame is then placed on the program stack  The function code is executed  When the function ends the stack frame is removed from the program stack  Any return value is retrieved  The program counter is loaded with the return memory address  The stack frame is destroyed Everything in red can be ‘removed’ using inline functions

14. Function call versus Inline functions Our compiled code Function implementation code (compiled) Function overhead code (compiled) Function call Standard Functions Inline Functions When the compiler finds a function call it replaces it with a compiled version of the function implementation code.

15. Value If I want the value of a memory address  * operator Is a dereferencing operator E.g. int x = 10 If I cout << *&x  It will print 10  **& will error as there is no value of the value  &*& will return the memory address of the variable  *&*& will return 10

16. Reference & – Address of operator  Gets the memory address of a variable  E.g. int x = 10;  10 is the value  If I cout << &x Something like: 0020F9D0

17. Pick ‘n pay (PnP) is a value 59 is it’s address &PnP returns 59

18. Passing by value

19. Passing by reference

20. Pass using const when the value doesn’t need to be changed

21. Advantages  No copy is made  Function can modify value Disadvantages  Difficult to tell if passing to a function is giving you input or output  Dereferencing a Pointer to a variable is slow

22. Pass by value 1 2 Inside function SPAR Exit function

23. Pass by reference Now I can change pick n pay Without recreating PnP Function SPAR

24. Passing by address Function takes a pointer

25. What happens here?

26. Arrays Arrays can be defined, which allows a number of consecutive variables / objects to be created. Arrays are particularly useful with for- loops. Static arrays must be declared with a maximum size. Run-time errors can occur if attempting to access outside of an array’s index.

27. Example

28. Accessing an array of objects