1. World War I: 12.2 Part 1 Stalemate

2. Initial Expectations Many leaders thought the war would be over quickly & include quick, decisive victories 1 st Battle of Marne – stops German advance Germany – now fights on two fronts

3. Trench Warfare Style of fighting that developed primarily along the western front Western Front - ran from North Sea to Switzerland’s border Eastern Front – more mobile

5. No-Man’s Land Thin strip of land between the two trenches Contained barbed wire and land mines Charging no-man’s-land called going over the top and considered suicide during the day

11. Two Offensives To Break The Stalemate 1. Battle of Verdun 2. Battle of the Somme

12. Battle of Verdun Germany Offensive – Feb 1916 French city of Verdun targeted Surrounded by forts Symbolic French town – they would defend it German goal – bleed France white

13. Battle of Verdun German’s launched a 21 hour artillery barrage then 1 mil. man attack = French knew it was coming. = French knew it was coming. Battle raged for months with neither side winning Over 1 million casualties / ½ Dead

14. Two Offensives To Break The Stalemate 2. Battle of Somme

15. Battle of Somme Main Allied Offensive of 1916 Goal: drain Germany’s reserves Allies bombard Germans for 8 days then 750,000 men attack – “walk across no- man’s land” British forces lost 60,000 soldiers in one day - record Four month battle left 1 million dead and wounded – achieved nothing

16. Two Offensives To Break The Stalemate Results: –Neither the Battle of Verdun or the Battle of Somme could break the stalemate and trench warfare would continue

17. New Weapons of the War

18. Machine Guns Fired 400-600 rounds per minute Much more effective than rifles – one worth 75 rifles Most are heavy Portable at end of war = Killing machine

21. Tanks Introduced by the Allies at Somme Countered the effectiveness of the machine gun and barbwire in trench warfare Broke down often Slow – 2-5 mph

25. Poison Gas Uncivilized before WWI Released as a cloud of mist to drift over trenches Launched in exploding shells also Without gas masks – certain death

30. Submarines Effectively sank many commercial and military ships with no warning Had little effect on outcome of the war

32. Airplanes Engaged in fights that became known as dogfights Had little effect on outcome of the war