1. Carbon Chemistry

2. What’s so special about Carbon? Fourth most abundant element in the universe. Essential to life on earth. Many different forms… carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), limestone (CaCO 3 ), wood, plastic, diamonds, and graphite.

3. Carbon – The Element of Life Unique atomic structure… form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms. Elements with either less or more than 4 valence electrons can only form a maximum of 3 covalent bonds, this is why 4 is a magic number and why carbon is special. Lightest element (and therefore the smallest) with four valence electrons

4. Carbon Structures Chains Branches Rings

5. Carbon Bonds Single Triple Double

6. Inorganic Compounds Inorganic compounds are those compounds that were never part of a living organism Examples: Carbon dioxide and Carbon monoxide The line between inorganic and organic carbon compounds is becoming less and less important to scientists as many non-living compounds are derived from once living organisms.

7. Organic Compounds Organic compounds are those compounds found in any organism that is living or was once living. Chemically… Organic compound – any compound that contains the elements carbon and hydrogen. They include carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose And hydrocarbons such as methane and hexane

8. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides- One unit (Simple Sugar) Disaccharides- Two units (Simple Sugar) Glucose- stored in our bodyFructose- sugar in fruit Sucrose- one glucose + one fructose = table sugar

9. Carbohydrates Polysaccharides- Many units (Complex Carbs) Starch- a long chain of glucose- found in plants Similarly, Glycogen is glucose stored in animals and humans. Cellulose is glucose chains linked together and forms strong plant fibers.

10. Hydrocarbons Pure hydrocarbons- only Carbon + Hydrogen Isomers of Octane- often added to gasoline to stop the “knock” in the engine

11. Properties of Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons: simple organic compounds (made of 2 elements). low melting and boiling points. flammable and tend to burn in combustion reactions. Hydrocarbons mix poorly with water (they are nonpolar). Hydrocarbons are used as fuels--heating oil, diesel fuel, gasoline, coal and methane.

12. Combustion is a chemical process in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and gives off heat. The original substance is called the fuel, and the source of oxygen is called the oxidizer. The fuel can be a solid, liquid, or gas, although for airplane propulsion the fuel is usually a liquid. The oxidizer, likewise, could be a solid, liquid, or gas, but is usually a gas (air) for airplanes.solid, liquid, or gas,

13. To summarize, for combustion to occur three things must be present: a fuel to be burned, a source of oxygen, and a source of heat. As a result of combustion, exhausts are created and heat is released. You can control or stop the combustion process by controlling the amount of the fuel available, the amount of oxygen available, or the source of heat.

15. Combustion Rapid chemical combination of a substance with oxygen, producing heat and light. Burning Exothermic chemical reaction.Exothermic Creates heat (light glowing/flame)Creates heatlight glowingflame Fuels = organic compounds (especially hydrocarbons) in the gas, liquid or solid phase. hydrocarbons liquid

16. Prefix# CarbonsNameFormulaStructure Meth1MethaneCH4 Eth2EthaneC2H6 Prop3PropaneC3H8 But4ButaneC4H10 Pent5PentaneC5H12 Hex6HexaneC6H14 Hept7HeptaneC7H16 Oct8OctaneC8H18 Non9NonaneC9H20

17. Now let’s build!