1. CUAHSI Hydrologic Information Systems By David R. Maidment With support from many collaborators: Ilya Zaslavsky, Reza Wahadj, Chaitan Baru, Praveen Kumar, Michael Piasecki, Rick Hooper, Jon Duncan, David Tarboton, Jeff Horsburgh, Venkat Lakshmi, Chunmaio Zheng, Xu Liang, Yao Liang, Ken Reckhow, Upmanu Lall, LeRoy Poff, Dennis Lettenmaier, Barbara Minsker, …… And many graduate students and post-docs: Venkatesh Merwade, Tim Whiteaker, Jon Goodall, Gil Strassberg, Ben Ruddell, Luis Bermudez, Bora Boran, …… Thanks to everyone for all their help!

2. Ocean Sciences CUAHSI-Hydrologic Information Systems CUAHSI – Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc Formed in 2001 as a legal entity Program office in Washington (5 staff) Rick Hooper is Executive Director Earth Sciences Atmospheric Sciences NSF Geosciences Directorate UCAR CUAHSI Unidata HIS

3. CUAHSI Member Institutions 101 Universities as of November 2005

4. CUAHSI HydroView Components

5. Environmental Cyberinfrastructure Part of NSF Cyberinfrastructure program CUAHSI Hydrologic Information Systems is one of several pilot projects – CUAHSI, CLEANER, ORION, NEON, …..

6. Project co-PI Collaborator CUAHSI HIS Partner Institutions

7. HIS Goals Hydrologic Data Access System – better access to a large volume of high quality hydrologic data Support for Observatories – synthesizing hydrologic data for a region Advancement of Hydrologic Science – data modeling and advanced analysis Hydrologic Education – better data in the classroom, basin-focused teaching

8. HIS Goals Hydrologic Data Access System – better access to a large volume of high quality hydrologic data Support for Observatories – synthesizing hydrologic data for a region Advancement of Hydrologic Science – data modeling and advanced analysis Hydrologic Education – better data in the classroom, basin-focused teaching

9. HIS User Assessment (Chapter 4 in Status Report) Data Access Science Observatory support Education Which of the four HIS goals is most important to you?

10. CUAHSI Hydrologic Data Access System (HDAS) A common data window for accessing, viewing and downloading hydrologic information USGS NASANCDC EPANWS Observatory Data

11. CUAHSI Web Services Web Services Library Web application: Data Portal Your application Excel, ArcGIS, Matlab Fortran, C/C++, Visual Basic Hydrologic model ……………. Your operating system Windows, Unix, Linux, Mac Internet Simple Object Access Protocol

12. NWIS Station Information in HDAS http://river.sdsc.edu/HDAS

13. Observation Site Files Ameriflux TowersAutomated Surface Observing System USGS NWIS Stations Climate Reference Network

14. Observation Site Map for US USGS NWIS ASOS Climate Research Network Ameriflux + others…….

15. Neuse Basin with all points NWIS Streamflow and Water Quality NWIS Groundwater ASOS NARR Ameriflux

16. NWIS Streamflow and Water Quality ASOS NARR Ameriflux Filtered Site Map

17. http://public.ornl.gov/ameriflux/ Building each web service requires a site map and a web services library Ameriflux site map Web services library Ameriflux towers measure vertical fluxes of water, heat, CO 2

18. NWIS ArcGIS Excel NCAR LTER NAWQA Storet NCDC Ameriflux Matlab AccessSAS Fortran Visual Basic C/C++ CUAHSI Web Services Some operational services

19. Direct and Indirect Web Services Direct web service –The data agency provides direct querying ability into its archives through SOAP or OpenDAP (NCDC) Indirect web service –CUAHSI constructs a “web page mimic” service, housed at SDSC, that programmatically mimics the manual use of an agency’s web pages (USGS, Ameriflux)

20. HydroObjects Library CUAHSI has developed a HydroObjects Library with web service wrappers that know where to access each web service and how to interpret its output User Application (Excel, ArcGIS, …..) HydroObjects Library with web service wrappers for NWIS, Ameriflux, NCDC, … Direct or Indirect web services Web data

21. Standards are the Key standards … –Industry standards already exists: SOAP = Simple Object Access Protocol WSDL = Web Service Definition Language –Hydrologic community must add their own to the mix: HTSS = Hydrologic Time Series Service HML = Hydrologic Markup Language software development … –If we adopt SOAP and WSDL standards, we can utilize industry support –Hydrology standards will increase interoperability and code reuse Request SWAQ to set up an advisory committee for to help develop CUAHSI standards for HML

22. Utah State Time Series Analyst (developed by Jeff Horsburgh) http://water.usu.edu/nwisanalyst/ http://water.usu.edu/analyzer/ -- operates on CUAHSI web services -- operates on local data for Neuse basin

23. Transfer of research results CUAHSI web services for NWIS were announced at a cyberseminar on Friday Oct 28 On Wednesday Nov 2, Jason Love, from a private firm, RESPEC, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, posted on the EPA Basins list server: “Occasionally one comes across something that is worth sharing; the CUAHSI Hydrologic Information Systems - Web Services Library for NWIS is a valuable tool for those of us interested in rapidly acquiring and processing data from the USGS, e.g., calibrating models and performing watershed assessments.” He provided a tutorial on how to use the services from Matlab (which CUAHSI had not developed) Technology transfer took less than 1 week!

24. Impact of Web Services CUAHSI web data services are significantly simplifying user access to federal water observation data This will increase appreciation of the collective information content of these data Next step is to set the data in context of their environment – Digital Watershed Web services may turn out to be as important or even supersede web pages as a data delivery mechanism

25. HIS Goals Hydrologic Data Access System – get me the data I want quickly and painlessly Support for Observatories – synthesizing hydrologic data for a region Advancement of Hydrologic Science – data modeling and advanced analysis Hydrologic Education – better data in the classroom, basin-focused teaching

26. Digital Watershed How can hydrologists integrate observed and modeled data from various sources into a single description of the environment?

27. Digital Watershed Hydrologic Observation Data Geospatial Data Remote Sensing Data Weather and Climate Data (NetCDF) (GIS) (Relational database) (EOS-HDF) Digital Watershed A digital watershed is a synthesis of hydrologic observation data, geospatial data, remote sensing data and weather and climate data into a connected database for a hydrologic region

28. Digital Watershed: Prototype for the Neuse basin (See Chapter 8 in the Status Report for details)

29. Neuse Atmospheric Water Daily precipitation data from NCDC gages Nexrad daily rainfall rasters Land surface – atmosphere fluxes from North American Regional Reanalysis of climate

30. Neuse Surface Water Streamflow, water quality hydrologic observational data GIS: River network, water bodies, watersheds, monitoring points Land cover, soils, MODIS remote sensing (Praveen Kumar and Venkat Lakshmi) MODIS Terrain and Land Cover

31. Neuse Basin: Coastal aquifer system * From USGS, Water Resources Data Report of North Carolina for WY 2002 Section line Beaufort Aquifer

32. Neuse Groundwater Geovolumes of hydrogeologic units from US Geological survey (GMS)

33. GeoVolume – 3D representation of the surface and subsurface Geovolume Geovolume with groundwater model cells Geovolume of layered soil texture for the Neuse basin

34. Digital Site Provides the community with a systematically constructed archive of site investigations A means of constructive engagement with scientists on standardized databases for site scale processes A library of digital sites of different kinds informs digital watershed development MADE site in Mississippi

35. Interface data models HEC-HMS HEC-RAS HSPF GIS Geo Database Arc Hydro data model Connecting Arc Hydro and Hydrologic Models

36. Map2Map Workflow Model FLO ODP LAIN MAP Flood map as output Model for flood flow Model for flood depth HMS Nexrad rainfall map as input DEMO

37. HIS Goals Hydrologic Data Access System – better access to a large volume of high quality hydrologic data Support for Observatories – synthesizing hydrologic data for a region Advancement of Hydrologic Science – data modeling and advanced analysis Hydrologic Education – better data in the classroom, basin-focused teaching

38. Towards a Feasible Environmental Observatory: A Vision and an Implementation Plan Richard P. Hooper President, CUAHSI

39. CUAHSI Community Challenge Predict flux of water and chemicals in rivers, lakes, aquifers, and estuaries continuously in time and space throughout the United States.

40. Created first for the Neuse basin Digital Watershed: An implementation of the CUAHSI Hydrologic Data Model for a particular region

41. CUAHSI Hydrologic Information System National Scale (seamless, coast to coast data coverage, ArcHydro USA) 1:500,000 scale Regional Scale (e.g. Neuse basin) 1:100,000 scale Watershed Scale (e.g. Trent watershed ) 1:24,000 scale Site Scale (experimental site level) Site scale Multiscale data delivery Multiscale web portal delivering point water observation data, GIS data, weather and climate data and remote sensing data for user selected regions in the United States

42. National Hydrologic Information System Hydrologic Information System Hydrologic Observing System Hydrologic Modeling System

43. HydroVolumes Take a watershed and extrude it vertically into the atmosphere and subsurface A hydrovolume is “a volume in space through which water, energy and mass flow, are stored internally, and transformed”

44. Watershed Hydrovolumes Geovolume is the portion of a hydrovolume that contains solid earth materials USGS Gaging stations Hydrovolume

45. Stream channel Hydrovolumes

46. Hydrologic Flux Coupler Hydrologic Fluxes and Flows Digital Watershed (Atmospheric, surface and subsurface water) We want to do water, mass, energy and water balances

47. Hydrologic Flux Coupler Precipitation Evaporation Streamflow Define the fluxes and flows associated with each hydrovolume Groundwater recharge See Chapter 9 of Status Report for Details

48. Hydrologic Flux Coupler as an ArcGIS Workflow

49. Hydrologic Science Hydrologic conditions (Fluxes, flows, concentrations) Hydrologic Process Science (Equations, simulation models, prediction) Hydrologic Information Science (Observations, data models, visualization Hydrologic environment (Dynamic earth) Physical laws and principles (Mass, momentum, energy, chemistry) It is as important to represent hydrologic environments precisely with data as it is to represent hydrologic processes with equations

50. Significant progress Shared Data Models Hydrology (CUAHSI) Environmental Engineering (CLEANER) Ecology (NEON/LTER) Atmospheric Science (NCAR/Unidata) Geology (GEON) Geomorphology (NCED/WSSC) Limnology, Ocean science, …..

51. ArcGIS Geographic data models www.esri.com/datamodels About 30 ArcGIS data models for a variety of disciplines Geosciences Network

52. Atmospheric science – hydrology Weather and climate fields are the drivers – continuous in space and time across the nation Local watersheds are the reactors – each behaving according to its location and characteristics

53. GeoTemporal Reference Frame A defined geospatial coordinate system for (x,y,z) A defined time coordinate system (UTC, Eastern Standard Time, ….) A set of variables, V Data values v(x,y,z,t) Space (x,y,z) Time, t Variables, V v – data values Data Cube

54. Continuous Space-Time Model – NetCDF (Unidata) Space, L Time, T Variables, V D Coordinate dimensions {X} Variable dimensions {Y}

55. Space, FeatureID Time, TSDateTime Variables, TSTypeID TSValue Discrete Space-Time Data Model ArcHydro

56. Proposed new format: GeoNetCDF Continuous Space (NetCDF) Discrete Space (GIS) ArcGIS version 9.2 (in beta release) accepts netCDF as a native file format

57. HIS Goals Hydrologic Data Access System – better access to a large volume of high quality hydrologic data Support for Observatories – synthesizing hydrologic data for a region Advancement of Hydrologic Science – data modeling and advanced analysis Hydrologic Education – better data in the classroom, basin-focused teaching

58. Basin-oriented teaching http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/gradhydro2005/gradhydro2005.htm Focus class on interpretation of a single river basin Interdisciplinary teaching Water balances for each phase of hydrologic cycle Use Unidata Integrated Data Viewer to access weather info

59. Conclusions HIS = a geographically distributed system of web-connected data and functions Hydrologic Data Access System is a significant technological innovation Emerging understanding of digital watershed structure and functions Beginnings of hydrologic information science and shared data models with neighbouring sciences