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The Nature of Matter Chapter 2 Section 1
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Atoms All matter is made up of atoms. Atoms are the smallest units of matter. Atoms consist of two regions: Nucleus Nucleus Electron Cloud Electron Cloud
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Subatomic Particles There are 3 subatomic particles: Protons (positive charge) Protons (positive charge) Neutrons (neutral charge) Neutrons (neutral charge) Electrons (negative charge) Electrons (negative charge) Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus. Electrons are in the electron cloud.
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More Chemistry Terms Element—pure substance made up of only one type of atom Examples: gold, oxygen, iodine Examples: gold, oxygen, iodine Compound—pure substance made up of two or more types of atoms in definite proportions Examples: H 2 O, CO 2, NH 3 Examples: H 2 O, CO 2, NH 3 Molecule—smallest unit of a compound
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Chemical Bonds Compounds are held together by chemical bonds. There are two main types of chemical bonds: Ionic Bonds Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Covalent Bonds
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Types of Bonds Ionic Bonds Formed between metals and nonmetals Formed between metals and nonmetals Forms positive and negative ions Forms positive and negative ions Electrons are exchanged Electrons are exchanged Covalent Bonds Formed between nonmetals and other nonmetals Formed between nonmetals and other nonmetals Electrons are shared Electrons are shared
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Solutions and Suspensions Mixture—a material composed of 2 or more substances that are physically mixed (but NOT chemically combined) Solution—a type of mixture where the molecules are evenly distributed Suspension—a mixture where the particles are NOT completely dissolved
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Solutions Solutions have two parts: Solute—substance that is dissolved Solute—substance that is dissolved Solvent—the liquid in which the solute dissolves Solvent—the liquid in which the solute dissolves
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pH Scale The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 and shows the concentration of H + ions. The lower the pH, the more acidic the solution. (Acid = below 7) The higher the pH, the more basic (alkaline) the solution. (Base = above 7)
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Acids and Bases Pure water has a pH of 7, which is neutral. Acids are compounds with more H + ions than pure water. pH of Strong Acid = 1 - 3 pH of Strong Acid = 1 - 3 pH of Weak Acid = 4 – 6.9 pH of Weak Acid = 4 – 6.9 Bases are compounds with more OH - ions than pure water. pH of Strong Base = 11 - 14 pH of Strong Base = 11 - 14 pH of Weak Base = 7.1 - 10 pH of Weak Base = 7.1 - 10
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