1. Cellular Transport Membrane Structure consists of
1. Cell membranes are composed of a double- layered sheet called a ___

2. 2. Membrane Proteins
Proteins run through the lipid bilayer and form ___________ and ___________ to move material across the cell membrane.

3. 3. Carbohydrate Molecules
Polysaccharide chains attach to the __________surfaces of proteins.
Many carbohydrates act like chemical ____________ cards, allowing cells to identify one another.

4. What does a Cell Membrane DO?
The cell membrane ___________ what enters and leaves the cell.
The cell membrane provides protection and support.
The cell membrane helps to take in food, water and ions and eliminates wastes.
Some molecules, like water moves freely through the membrane, other molecules must be carried/pumped through channels.

5. Passive Transport – ___________ of molecules across a cell membrane that does NOT use energy
Molecules move ___________ a concentration gradient from high concentration to low concentration
Three types of passive transport…

6. Concentration Gradient
A ___________ in number of molecules (or ions) of a substance between two adjacent regions.

7. Equilibrium
After the substances move from high to low concentration, then the concentration of the substance on both sides of the membrane will be the same (___________ ).
Even after equilibrium is reached, individual molecules ___________ to move rapidly across the membrane in both directions.

8. Types of Passive Transport
Diffusion is the ___________ of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.
process by which substances spread through a liquid or gas.
NO ___________ required

9. Substances such as _________ uncharged polar molecules and small lipids easily diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer.

10. Types of Passive Transport
Osmosis – the diffusion of ___________ through a selectively permeable membrane. (water molecules move from high to low concentrations)
Since water molecules are small, they can slip through the gaps between phospholipids in the cell membrane.
As a result, water molecules constantly move back and forth through the cell membrane.

11. Permeable- if a substance is ___________ to diffuse across a membrane
Impermeable- if things ___________ pass across the membrane
Selectively Permeable –some substances can pass across, others cannot.

12. Example-Osmosis
Example shows a membrane that is permeable to water but is not permeable to sugar.
On one side of membrane is a sugar solution, other side is pure water.
As a result, there is a net movement of water into the sugar solution. This is due to diffusion (movement from high concentration to regions of low concentration).

13. Types of Passive Transport
Facilitated Diffusion- uses carrier ___________ to shuttle molecules across the lipid bilayer without energy. (high to low conc.)
 ex: transports large ___________ molecules from the blood into body cells.

14. Why do water molecules move with osmosis?
Osmoregulation- the control of ___________ movement across the cell membrane.
Water “follows” solute.
Solute- a substance ___________ in solvent
Tonic- term used to refer to solvent
Hypertonic- more solute in solvent outside of cell
Hypotonic- less solute in solvent outside of the cell
Isotonic- equal amount of solute outside of cell and inside of cell.
Solute is usually charged and does not move through membrane

15. Why do water molecules move with osmosis?
Hypertonic solution
Solute concentration outside the cell is HIGHER than solute concentration inside the cell.
Net movement of water ___________ the cell to follow solute
Cell shrinks
Plasmolysis-
Crenation-

16. Why do water molecules move with osmosis?
Hypotonic solution
Solute concentration outside the cell is LOWER than solute concentration inside the cell.
Net movement of water ___________ the cell to follow solute
Animal cell swells and will possibly burst
___________
Plant cell swells until cell walls restrict further swelling
___________ pressure

17. Why do water molecules move with osmosis?
Isotonic solution
Solute concentration is the ___________ inside and outside the cell.
Water moves equally into and out of the cell. No net movement of water
Normal Cell structure and function.

18. Active Transport – uses ___________ to move substances across a cell membrane.
the movement of molecules and ions ___________ the concentration gradient.
(Low to High concentration)

19. Example of Active Transport
Sodium-potassium pump- uses ATP (cell energy) to push Sodium outside of the cell and Potassium into the cell. These concentration gradients of sodium and potassium allow for cellular communication.

20. Types of Active Transport
Bulk Movement (___________ molecules)- Transporting very large molecules such as polysaccharides or large proteins across the membrane.
Materials all move across the cell membrane packaged in membrane-bound sacs called ___________ . The vesicle merges with the cell membrane.

21. Types of Active Transport
Endocytosis- materials are brought ___________ the cell.
a portion of the cell membrane surrounds desirable macromolecules that are outside the cell. The cell pinches off and the new vesicle moves into the cell.
Example: when white blood cells engulf foreign particles like bacteria and viruses.

22. Types of Endocytosis Pinocytosis- ___________ transported into cell
Phagocytosis- ___________ particles transported into cell

23. Types of Active Transport
Exocytosis- materials ___________ the cell
wastes and cell products are packaged by the Golgi Apparatus in sacs called vesicles. They then fuse with the cell membrane and the materials in the vesicles are secreted out of cell.
Ex: tear production
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