1. 3G Migrations

2. Why we need 3G? Or 3G is enough for us?

3. Secretes of Upgrades Maximize- ---Spectrum Efficiency FDMA/TDMA/CDMA/OFDMA Power Efficiency-------Battery Minimize ----Complexity ----Cost

4. Cellular Generation 1 G 2 G 2.5 G 3 G 3.5 G 4 G

5. 1G - Characteristics Analogue transmission technology Focus on voice Data services almost non-existent Incompatible standards Different frequencies and signaling International roaming impossible Inefficient use of the radio spectrum

6. Example of 1G 1G – NTT 1G - NMT-450 1G – AMPS 1G - TACS

7. 1G - NTT Nippon Telephone & Telegraph (NTT) Now NTT DoCoMo 1979 Tokyo World’s first operational cellular system

8. 1G - NMT-450 Nordic Mobile Telephone 450 1982 Sweden First wireless communications standard deployed in Europe Pioneered the use of light portable handsets Supported international roaming

9. 1G - AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 1982 USA Mandated (FCC) as the standard to which all operators in the USA had to adhere to.

10. 1G - TACS Total Access Coverage (TACS) 1985 UK Adaptation of AMPS Complies with frequency allocation in Europe

11. 1G - Network Access Technique Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Subdivides the available spectrum into a number of frequency slots Each user is assigned a separate frequency.

12. 1G - Services Standard voice No data services No supplementary services Call barring

13. The 1G Landscape A series of incompatible networks Limited capacity for expansion Limited support for roaming Susceptible to interference Poor security No support for wireless data No third party applications

14. Solution: 2G Digital techniques rather than analogue Increased flexibility error control compression More efficient use of available bandwidth Increased compatibility with the fixed component of the PSTN Increased quality of service Possibility of wireless data services

15. Example of 2G 2G- GSM 2G - D-AMPS 2G - IS-95 2G - PDC

16. 2G - GSM Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Conceived in 1982 Deployed in 1992 in Europe European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Most successful 2G system Voice 13kb/3 (Sig) and Data 9.6/4.4k

17. 2G - D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service (DAMPS) Also called IS-54 (Interim Standard 54) 1991 Dual mode terminals ensuring backward compatibility IS-136 introduced in 1996 Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) TR-45 Committee

18. 2G - IS-95 Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) Also called cdmaOne 1993 USA Qualcomm Inc. Pioneered the use of the network access technique CDMA

19. 2G - PDC Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) 1991 Japan Two modes Full-rate Half-rate

20. 2G - Network Access Technique Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Users share a frequency band by multiplexing their transmissions in time In practice.. Available spectrum is divided into frequency channels (recall FDMA!) Each frequency channel is further subdivided into cyclic timeslots (1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3 …) A call is assigned a time slot

21. 2G - Services Depends on Network standard Operator policies Improved standard telephony (speech) Basic wireless data Additional services Call barring

22. Example: GSM Services Teleservices Speech Emergency calls Short Message Service (SMS) Bearer Services Telefax Basic data (9.6kb/s) Supplementary Services Call forwarding Call barring

23. 2G - 3G Transition Driver? Higher data bandwidth requirement anticipated subscriber demand for  audio/Video streaming  other multimedia services  collaborative services  location services Possibility of third party applications being developed

24. Recall: Circuit v Packet Switching Circuit Switched.. A dedicated channel is established for the duration of a call Packet Switched … A message is subdivided into packets which are sent individually and may follow different routes to their destination. The packets are then used to reassemble the original message.

25. 3G - Migration Strategies Migrate straight to 3G This approach is being take by some operators in Japan (PDC) and the USA (IS-95) Migrate incrementally to 3G Operators progressively and incrementally incorporate a number of technologies into their networks This approach is taken by operators in both Europe and the USA This strategy is sometimes referred to as 2.5G

26. 2.5 G Examples 2.5G - HSCSD (GSM) 2.5G - GPRS (GSM) 2.5G - EDGE (GSM) 2.5G - D-AMPS (IS-136+) 2.5G - IS-95B (IS-95)

27. 2.5G - HSCSD (GSM) High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) Uses existing GSM infrastructure and interface Data rates of up to 57.6 kb/s (4 channels @ 14.4 kb/s) Inefficient for certain types of application Data increased 14.4kb and 1.6 channel coding

28. 2.5G - GPRS (GSM) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Introduces packet switching to GSM “Always-on” Uses multiple timeslots (channels) 14.4 kb/s per channel Maximum of 115.2 kb/s --eight channel Dynamic resource allocation Supports IP Billing per KB, NOT per sec.

29. 2.5G - EDGE (GSM) Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) Maximum 384 kb/s 8 Phase Shift Keying (8PSK) Send more bits down the line 3 fold increase over GSM Two classes of handset: Class A (EDGE only on downlink) Class B ( EDGE on uplink and downlink)

30. 2.5G - D-AMPS (IS-136+) Two phase migration path IS-136+ Integrate GPRS Note: packet switching already supported by Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)! IS-136 High Speed Outdoor Integrate EDGE Subscribers can roam between IS-136HS and GSM networks supporting EDGE

31. 2.5G - IS-95B (IS-95) Enhanced version of IS-95 Already supports packet switching (CDPD) Maximum of 115.2 (8 channels @ 14.4kb/s) Realistically … 28.8 kb/s to 57.6 kb/s on downlink 14.4 kb/s on uplink

32. 2.5G - Services Standard services that can use packet switching: WWW browsing email file downloading e.g. mp3 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)

33. 3G - Principal Requirements - I Support for voice quality comparable with fixed line networks; Support for both circuit-switched and packet- switched data services; Support for roaming between different IMT- 2000 operators; Support for greater capacity and improved spectrum efficiency;

34. 3G - Principal Requirements - II A data rate of 144 kb/s for users moving quickly e.g. moving vehicles; A data rate of 384 kb/s for pedestrians; A data rate of 2 Mb/s in a low mobility or office environment. Note how a network using GPRS and EDGE meets most of these criteria!

35. 3GPP & 3GPP2 Third Generation Partnership Project (ETSI/ARIB/TTC/TTA/CCSA) Europe /Japan/China Third Generation Partnership 2 (ARIB, CCSA, TIA, TTA and TTC) from CDMA IS-95

36. 3G - The IMT2000 Initiative Conceived in 1986 Sought to define a single world-wide standard for accessing the global telecommunications infrastructure from both terrestrial and satellite mobile systems Problem: backward compatibility So five standards approved for the air interface!

37. 3G - Air Interface Standards I IMT-DS (Direct Spread), also known as Wideband CDMA Frequency Division Duplex (W-CDMA-FDD). IMT-TC (Time Code) or W-CDMA Time Division Duplex (W-CDMA-TDD). IMT-MC (Multi-Carrier) or CDMA2000. IMT-SC (Single Carrier), also known as EDGE or UWC-136. IMT-FT (Frequency Time), for cordless sytems e.g. DECT

38. 3G - Interface Standards II

39. 3G Networks

40. 3G - Network Access Technique Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Signal is modulated with high bandwidth spreading waveforms called signature waveforms or codes. Subscribers may submit at the same frequency and time but signal separation is facilitated via the signature waveform In contrast with TDMA More robust Less susceptible to fading & interference

41. Example: 3G Services (UMTS) Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS) Four QoS classes of services Conversational Class  Voice, video telephony,video gaming Streaming Class  multimedia, video on demand, webcast Interactive Class  WWW browsing, database access, online gaming Background Class  email, SMS, file downloading

42. Migration Stages

43. Steps towards 3G 1- Backbone Roll Out (Packet Network) All the backend traffic transfer on IP (Packets) /Passport/ATM/MPBN 2- Data Network 3- Core Network 4- RAN Network

44. 1-Backbone Roll Out (Packet Network ) Migration

45. 2-Data Network Migration

46. 3-Core Network Migration Classic MSC (Control and Switching) Classical MSC Architecture (old name: Non-Layered Mobile Core Network/ ’Monolitic’ Architecture) TDM MSC MSC Server (Control) Mobile Media Gateway (Switching) Mobile Softswitch Solution (old name: Layered Mobile Core Network Architecture) IP/ATM/TDM Control Layer MSC-SMGwMSC-SMGw

47. Layer Architecture

48. 3-RAN Network Migration

49. GSM(2G)-- 2.5G--3G-----  LTE R-99---R4 ( We are in this stage in core side) HSDPA (Higher speed data downlink access) HSDUA (Higher speed data uplink access) LTE (Long Term Evolution) Goals include improving spectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, making use of new spectrum and refarmed spectrum opportunities, and better integration with other open standards

50. 3G Migration Plan

51. 3.5G UMTS High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 14 Mbps (but 1 Mbps per subscriber!) Incremental upgrade More functionality in Node B Backward compatible with W-CDMA High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) Other Technologies WiMAX, etc, etc

52. 4G- Some Speculations Global Mobility Increased data rates..100Mbps? All IP network When?

53. TDM/IP MSC Server PSTN MGW H.248 SIP-T Softswitch MSC (R4)/LMSD MSC Server TDM MSC PSTN CDMA BSS/ UMTS RAN MISUP Legacy MSC (R99) MSC Divided into MSC Server & MGW IP MGCF PSTN MGW H.248 SIP MGCF CSCF CDMA BSS/ UMTS RAN CDMA BSS/ UMTS RAN IMS/MMD (R5/R6)5 CS + IMS (+ PS) CS (+ PS) IMS (+ PS)

54. GSM to 3G Steps

55. 3GPP - Organizational Partners

56. 3GPP2 - Organizational Partners

58. Thanks allot