1. Intro to Pottery Primitive, Production, Present Primitive Primitive An introduction to pottery and ceramic terms through early pottery methods. An introduction to pottery and ceramic terms through early pottery methods. Production Production Making Pottery and selling it for a living. Making Pottery and selling it for a living. Present Present Pottery as a art form. Pottery as a art form.

2. Pottery Primitive Pottery: Ware, such as plates, bowls, mugs, pots, vases, molded from moist clay then hardened by heat.

3. Pottery…… Early civilizations used pottery as a survival method. They stored food, water and other goods in the pieces they made.

4. Primitive Pottery Examples…

7. What is clay? Is it that red stuff that gets all over my shoes and stains everything? Is it that red stuff that gets all over my shoes and stains everything? Is it mud? Is it mud? It is play dough, right? It is play dough, right?

8. Clay is…… Al 2 O 3 2SiO 2 2H 2 O Al 2 O 3 2SiO 2 2H 2 O Alumina + Silica + Water Alumina + Silica + Water Aluminum Oxide + Powder Glass+ Water Aluminum Oxide + Powder Glass+ Water

9. Potential Health Hazards with Clay Clay dries out skins quickly and can lead to cracking and bleeding of the skin over time. Clay dries out skins quickly and can lead to cracking and bleeding of the skin over time. Clay contains powdered glass. Breathing clay dust over long periods of time can result in lung complications. (story time) Clay contains powdered glass. Breathing clay dust over long periods of time can result in lung complications. (story time) Fired clay edges become very sharp. They can cut skin and fabric and may scratch surfaces. Fired clay edges become very sharp. They can cut skin and fabric and may scratch surfaces. Some clay tools are very sharp and can cut skin. Some clay tools are very sharp and can cut skin.

10. Properties of Clay Heat Resistant (resists very high temps.) Heat Resistant (resists very high temps.) Unlike wood or metal, clay does not melt at high temperatures. Unlike wood or metal, clay does not melt at high temperatures. Malleable (very workable when wet) Malleable (very workable when wet) Easily squeezed, pressed or flattened into any shape. Easily squeezed, pressed or flattened into any shape. You can try it out now! You can try it out now!

11. Properties of Clay Versatile (used for many applications) Versatile (used for many applications) Tableware Tableware Hip Replacement Hip Replacement Toilets Toilets Recyclable Recyclable Unfired (Bonedry) pieces can be crushed and re- used. Unfired (Bonedry) pieces can be crushed and re- used.

12. Types of Clay High Fire (2300+ deg) High Fire (2300+ deg) Stoneware (Tiles, bowls) Stoneware (Tiles, bowls) Porcelain (Delicate plates, mugs, bowls) Porcelain (Delicate plates, mugs, bowls) Low Fire (1700-2000 deg) Low Fire (1700-2000 deg) Earthenware (Sculpture, jugs, bowls) Earthenware (Sculpture, jugs, bowls) Terra Cotta (Flower pots, exterior) Terra Cotta (Flower pots, exterior)

13. Earthenware Earliest pieces found in Mesopotamia around 5000 B.C. Earliest pieces found in Mesopotamia around 5000 B.C. Used by the Egyptians before 2500 B.C. Used by the Egyptians before 2500 B.C. Used in Greece around 1000 B.C. Used in Greece around 1000 B.C. This is some old stuff! This is some old stuff!

14. Hand building Using one’s hands and simple hand tools to shape and mold clay into forms.

15. Pinching The maker uses the palm and fingers to press the clay outward. This is the most simple form of hand building.

16. Pinching Method

17. Stages of Clay Wet Wet Contains water, workable, moldable. Contains water, workable, moldable. Leather Hard Leather Hard Has lost water, firm, slightly workable. Has lost water, firm, slightly workable. Bone Dry Bone Dry Contains no moisture, hard yet brittle, ashy. Contains no moisture, hard yet brittle, ashy. Fired Fired Hard, solid, non workable. Hard, solid, non workable. Glazed Glazed Clay that has been fired twice and has glazed applied to seal it. Clay that has been fired twice and has glazed applied to seal it.

18. Finishing Burnishing Burnishing Smoothing out the clay by rubbing the surface with a smooth object. (spoon, leather, wooden spoon) Smoothing out the clay by rubbing the surface with a smooth object. (spoon, leather, wooden spoon) Staining Staining Watered down natural materials applied to the clay to add color and create designs. (red iron oxide) Watered down natural materials applied to the clay to add color and create designs. (red iron oxide)

19. Firing Bisque Fire Bisque Fire The clay pieces are placed into the kiln at the Bone Dry stage. They are heated slowly to a temperature of around 1500 degrees. The clay pieces are placed into the kiln at the Bone Dry stage. They are heated slowly to a temperature of around 1500 degrees. This hardens the pieces yet they are still porous. This hardens the pieces yet they are still porous. Firing slowly reduces the chance of and explosion due to an air pocket, water, or thermal shock. Firing slowly reduces the chance of and explosion due to an air pocket, water, or thermal shock.

20. Electric Kiln

21. Firing Primitive Pit Fire Primitive Pit Fire Ancient cultures (Egyptians, Greeks, Native American Indians) dug pits in the earth and loaded the pieced along with wood, leaves, etc. They would light the materials on fire and hours later the only thing left would be the fired pottery pieces. Ancient cultures (Egyptians, Greeks, Native American Indians) dug pits in the earth and loaded the pieced along with wood, leaves, etc. They would light the materials on fire and hours later the only thing left would be the fired pottery pieces. Many potters still use a kiln similar to the pit kiln. There are many variations that are used for different effects. Many potters still use a kiln similar to the pit kiln. There are many variations that are used for different effects.

22. Pit Kiln *history of firing story

23. www.robertcomptonpottery.com Pit Fired Pottery Examples

24. Your first Assignment You will create a primitive pot using the hand-building pinching method. You will focus on proportion and even thickness for your bowl.

25. Your first Assignment…… You will burnish your pot. You will burnish your pot. Burnish: to make shiny by rubbing; smoothing a surface using a tool or one’s hand. Burnish: to make shiny by rubbing; smoothing a surface using a tool or one’s hand. You will add family history symbols to decorate your pot. You will add family history symbols to decorate your pot. http://surnames.meaning-of-names.com/ http://surnames.meaning-of-names.com/ http://surnames.meaning-of-names.com/

26. The End Up Next…….Production Pottery

27. Pottery Production Clay Pieces made to sell for a profit.

28. Production Pottery Ancient Cultures made pottery as a means of storing food and water and preparing meals. Ancient Cultures made pottery as a means of storing food and water and preparing meals. Some cultures used pottery as a way to preserve the remains of deceased people. Some cultures used pottery as a way to preserve the remains of deceased people. Pottery as and art form and use has been made and sold for many years. As early as the 1600’s cultures were producing and selling pieces at markets and gatherings. Pottery as and art form and use has been made and sold for many years. As early as the 1600’s cultures were producing and selling pieces at markets and gatherings.

29. Slab Method Slab – a flat piece of clay that has been rolled out evenly. It can be cut, folded or wrapped around a shape. Slab – a flat piece of clay that has been rolled out evenly. It can be cut, folded or wrapped around a shape. Pieces made with the slab method: plates, mugs, vases, boxes, containers, cups. Pieces made with the slab method: plates, mugs, vases, boxes, containers, cups.

34. What will you do? You will produce two identical mugs. You will produce two identical mugs. The weight, shape, and size should be the same. The weight, shape, and size should be the same. The designs and finishing can be different. The designs and finishing can be different. You will be required to calculate the total cost for each mug. You will be required to calculate the total cost for each mug. You will be required to price and sell your mug for a profit. You will be required to price and sell your mug for a profit.

35. The catch……. All proceeds will be deposited into the Pottery account to pay for the projects that you will make and keep throughout the semester. All proceeds will be deposited into the Pottery account to pay for the projects that you will make and keep throughout the semester. By doing this, you avoid paying a class fee up front. By doing this, you avoid paying a class fee up front.

36. Calculating Cost You must determine how much clay you used. You must determine how much clay you used. Weight your wet mug (s) Weight your wet mug (s) Clay averages.30 per pound Clay averages.30 per pound You must determine how much glazed was used. You must determine how much glazed was used. Estimate how many ounces of glaze you used. Estimate how many ounces of glaze you used. Glaze averages.72 per ounce Glaze averages.72 per ounce

37. Calculating Cost Electrical Use (Kiln) Electrical Use (Kiln) Kilowatts used x Hours used x cents per kw-hr. 110 kw x 11hr x.10 = 12.10 Bisque firing + Glaze Firing = Total Firing Cost 12.10 + 12.10 = 24.20 Divide 24.20 by the number of pieces in the kiln to determine individual cost. Divide 24.20 by the number of pieces in the kiln to determine individual cost.

38. Calculating Cost Cost Per Piece Cost Per Piece Clay cost + glaze cost + Kiln cost = Final Cost Clay cost + glaze cost + Kiln cost = Final Cost Profit Margin Profit Margin Selling Price – final cost = Profit margin. Selling Price – final cost = Profit margin. Ex. 12.00 – 5.33 = 6.67 Ex. 12.00 – 5.33 = 6.67

39. What is Glaze? a layer or coating of a vitreous substance which has been fired to fuse to a ceramic object to color, decorate, strengthen or waterproof it. a layer or coating of a vitreous substance which has been fired to fuse to a ceramic object to color, decorate, strengthen or waterproof it.vitreousceramicvitreousceramic Adds color Adds color Seals Clay Seals Clay Makes it Useable for Food Makes it Useable for Food

42. Pottery Present Clay Pieces made as an art form.

43. Functional versus Sculptural Functional Functional Having or serving a utilitarian purpose. Having or serving a utilitarian purpose. Utilitarian – usable; eating, cooking, storage, bookends, candle holder, etc. Utilitarian – usable; eating, cooking, storage, bookends, candle holder, etc. Sculptural Sculptural Having no specific function other than visual pleasure. Sculpture is created as a visual art form to appeal to the senses and not necessarily used.

44. Coiling Method The hand building technique where clay is rolled with the hands to create “snake-like” coils. These coils are then attached on top of one another to create a taller piece. The hand building technique where clay is rolled with the hands to create “snake-like” coils. These coils are then attached on top of one another to create a taller piece. Coiling is an advance technique of pinching. They are often used together to create larger works in clay. Coiling is an advance technique of pinching. They are often used together to create larger works in clay.

45. Coiling creates Texture Texture Texture The way something feels. The way something feels. Rough, soft, smooth, gritty, bumpy, etc. Rough, soft, smooth, gritty, bumpy, etc. Texture creates visual interest in clay pieces. Texture creates visual interest in clay pieces. Texture enhances the viewers sense of feel. Texture enhances the viewers sense of feel.

46. Coiling (rolling)

47. Coiling (even consistency)

48. Coiling (attaching coils) EACH INDIVIDUAL COIL MUST BE SCORED AND SLIPPED

49. Coiling (smoothing inside)

50. Coiling (leveling the lip)

51. Coiling (finished example)

52. Coiling Techniques Straight / Standard Coil Straight / Standard Coil Long snake-like coil. Long snake-like coil. Spiral Coil Spiral Coil A coil that has been rolled around itself to create a spiral. A coil that has been rolled around itself to create a spiral. Squared Spiral Coil Squared Spiral Coil A spiral coil that has been paddled into a square. A spiral coil that has been paddled into a square. Triangular Spiral Coil Triangular Spiral Coil A spiral coil that has been paddled into a triangle. A spiral coil that has been paddled into a triangle.

53. Coiling Techniques Zig-zag Coil Zig-zag Coil A coil that has been zig-zagged on top of itself. A coil that has been zig-zagged on top of itself. Vertical coil Vertical coil Short coils that are stacked beside each other vertically to create a wall. Short coils that are stacked beside each other vertically to create a wall.

54. Standard Coil

55. Spiral Coil

56. Coiled Examples

61. What will you create….? A coiled vessel / sculpture of choice. A coiled vessel / sculpture of choice. Your piece must contain at least three different coiling techniques (straight, spiral, zigzag, vertical, etc.) Your piece must contain at least three different coiling techniques (straight, spiral, zigzag, vertical, etc.) Your piece must stand at least 8” when leather hard. Your piece must stand at least 8” when leather hard.