1. Acid-Base Titration and pH

2. Self-Ionization of Water H 2 O + H 2 O  H 3 O + + OH - Though pure water is considered a non-conductor, there is a slight, but measurable conductivity due to “self-ionization”

3. Ion Concentration in Solutions

4. K w – Ionization Constant for Water In pure water at 25  C: [H 3 O + ] = 1 x 10 -7 mol/L [OH - ] = 1 x 10 -7 mol/L K w is a constant at 25  C: Kw = [H 3 O + ][OH - ] Kw = (1 x 10 -7 )(1 x 10 -7 ) = 1 x 10 -14

5. H+, OH-, and pH

6. pH Scale

7. Calculating pH, pOH pH = -log 10 (H 3 O + ) pOH = -log 10 (OH - ) Relationship between pH and pOH pH + pOH = 14 Finding [H 3 O + ], [OH - ] from pH, pOH [H 3 O + ] = 10 -pH [OH - ] = 10 -pOH

8. pH Calculations

9. Measuring pH with wide-range paper

10. Narrow-Range pH Paper

11. pH Indicators and their ranges

12. Some Acid-Base Indicators Indicator pH Range in which Color Change Occurs Color Change as pH Increases Crystal violet Thymol blue Orange IV Methyl orange Bromcresol green Methyl red Chlorophenol red Bromthymol blue Phenol red Neutral red Thymol blue Phenolphthalein Thymolphthalein Alizarin yellow Indigo carmine 0.0 - 1.6 1.2 - 2.8 1.4 - 2.8 3.2 - 4.4 3.8 - 5.4 4.8 - 6.2 5.2 - 6.8 6.0 - 7.6 6.6 - 8.0 6.8 - 8.0 8.0 - 9.6 8.2 - 10.0 9.4 - 10.6 10.1 - 12.0 11.4 - 13.0 yellow to blue red to yellow red to yellow red to yellow yellow to blue red to yellow yellow to red yellow to blue yellow to red red to amber yellow to blue colorless to pink colorless to blue yellow to blue blue to yellow

13. Weak Acid/Strong Base Titration A solution that is 0.10 M CH 3 COOH is titrated with 0.10 M NaOH Endpoint is above pH 7

14. Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration A solution that is 0.10 M HCl is titrated with 0.10 M NaOH Endpoint is at pH 7

15. Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration A solution that is 0.10 M NaOH is titrated with 0.10 M HCl Endpoint is at pH 7 It is important to recognize that titration curves are not always increasing from left to right.

16. Strong Acid/Weak Base Titration A solution that is 0.10 M HCl is titrated with 0.10 M NH 3 Endpoint is below pH 7