1. Chapter 4 Evaluating Portfolio Performance

2. Why Evaluating Portfolio Performance Is Not Simple Cash inflows and outflows mean that different, legitimate methods of computing returns will provide different performance results. Time-weighted vs. dollar weighted

3. Interim Cash Flows Additions of cash to or removals of cash from a portfolio – dividends or interest payments left in portfolio are not interim cash flows –charges in a margin account added to the debit balance, or offset against a cash position are not interim cash flows

4. Two Tools to Measure Actual Return Over a Period Geometric Mean Return –Time-weighted rate of return measure Internal Rate of Return –Dollar-weighted rate of return measure

5. Which Rate Should Be Used? Depends on conditions governing cash flows –If portfolio manager controls timing of cash flows, use IRR –If he or she does not, use GMR –Return to an investor is always IRR –Performance by portfolio manager is usually GMR

6. Two Components to Benchmarking Selection of market index Selection of comparison method –Should be risk-adjusted comparison –Can adjust risk based on: Beta Variance (or standard deviation)

7. Choices for a Market Index Dow Jones Industrial Average Standard & Poor’s 500 Other Domestic Indexes Foreign Indexes Bond Indexes

8. Dow Jones Industrial Average Oldest, started in 1884 Most commonly quoted Flaws: –Small number of stocks (30) –Industries not proportionally represented –Focuses only on large, mature companies –Ignores dividends –Price-weighted index

9. Price Weighted Index Add up all prices and divide by number of securities in index Unless there have been: –Stock splits –Stock dividends –Changes in composition of index Adjustments made via denominator Stock with highest price has most impact

10. Standard & Poor’s 500 Advantages: –Large percentage of total market capitalization –Includes stocks from multiple markets –Industry representation more typical of economy –Value weighted (as are most indexes)

11. Value Weighted Index Capitalizations of all companies in index added together Capitalization = price x number of shares Sum divided by sum of capitalizations on start date Neutral with regard to splits and dividends Minor adjustment with regard to changes in components

12. Other Indexes NASDAQ 100 NYSE Composite Russell 3000, 1000, and 2000 Dow Jones Wilshire 5000 –Closest to a Total Market Index

13. Other Indexes (continued) Value Line Index –Only equally weighted index Foreign Indexes –FTSE 100 –MSCI EAFE Bond Indexes –Lehman Brothers Aggregate Bond Index –Lehman Brothers Corporate Bond Index –Lehman Brothers Government Bond Index –Lehman Brothers Mortgage-Backed Securities Index

14. Computing Risk Adjusted Performance Using Standard Deviation Sharpe ratio – also called reward-to-variability ratio (RVAR)

15. Also called the reward-to-volatility ratio (RVOL) Treynor ratio

16. Other Beta-Based Measures of Performance Evaluation Information Ratio – A portfolio’s alpha divided by the standard deviation of the error term from the estimation of a portfolio’s characteristic line – The larger the value of the ratio, the more attractive the performance of the portfolio Jensen’s alpha

17. Choosing a Performance Measure Use the Sharpe ratio when it is important to consider total variability and not just exposure to systematic risk Use the Information ratio when a portfolio is divided into two components and only one is actively managed Use the Treynor ratio when an overall portfolio has been allocated to multiple active managers