1. Developing A Price Structure Chapter 16

2. Price Administration Price administration is also concerned with handling price adjustments for sales made under different conditions. Price structure decisions define how differential characteristics of the product will be priced and are of strategic importance to the firm and its customers.

3. Managing Transactions Rarely is list price the actual price paid by buyers Price adjustments are typically made for –Sales made in different quantities –Sales made to different types of distributors –Sales made to distributors who perform different functions –Sales made to buyers in different geographical locations –Sales made with different credit and collection conditions –Sales made at different times of day, month, season, or year

4. Price structure Price structure provides the foundation for prices by determining –1. The time and conditions of payment –2. The nature of discounts to be provided to buyers –3. Where and when title is to be taken by buyers –4. Who pays for the transportation of the goods and how these charges are determined

5. Discounts TradeTrade- based on a distributor’s place in the distributive sequence FunctionalFunctional- represent payment for performance of certain marketing functions that would otherwise be performed by the manufacturer

6. Trade or Functional discounts Firms typically offer these discounts to independent wholesalers and retailers in order to motivate them to perform needed marketing activities. Trade discounts are based on the distributor’s place in the distributive sequence Functional discounts represent payment to the wholesalers and retailers for their performance of certain marketing functions that the manufacturer has to perform otherwise. Price quoted to distributors as series of numbers such as “30,10,5 OR 2/10 net 30 OR 5/10 net EOM etc.

7. Promotional discounts A promotional discount is an allowance for distributors efforts to promote the manufacturers product. Allowance may be in the form of percentage reduction or additional merchandise –Free cases of Coke for every dozen case ordered –Cash payment of the local newspaper ads

8. Cash Discounts A cash discount is a reward for the payment of an invoice or account within a specific period of time. 2/10 net 30

9. Advance Purchase Discounts Lower prices for early purchases Buyers with lower price sensitivity pay more for the same service than those who purchase the service ahead of usage. Firms that experience seasonal demand for their products encourage buyers to commit to their purchase before they actually need the product. Opportunity to use the cash while producing the products instead of borrowing money.

10. Peak Load Pricing Higher prices during periods of higher demand, and lower prices during off- peak periods Usually in Electric or Telecommunication sectors –Time of day pricing

11. Quantity Discounts Most common type of discount This discount is granted for Volume purchases (measured in dollars or units)

12. Example: Applying Discounts: 10 ladders @ $30$ 300 6 ladders @ $50 300 10 ladders @ $90 900 5 ladders @ $120 600 4 ladders @ $150 600 Total$ 2,700 Trade discounts are 40,10,5 Cash discount 3/10 net 30 Additional Quantity discount of 5% for orders above $1000 or more

13. Applying Quantity Discount Total order amount$ 2,700 Discount, $2,700 x 0.05 135 Net order amount$ 2,565

14. Applying Trade Discounts Net order amount$ 2,565.00 Less: 40% discount 1,026.00 $ 1,539.00 Less: 10% discount 153.90 $ 1,385.10 Less: 5% discount 69.26 Amount due manufacturer 1,315.84 $ 1,315.84

15. Applying Cash Discount Amount due manufacturer$ 1,315.84 Less:3 % discount 39.48 Net Remittance$ 1,276.36

16. Price Discount Structures

17. Fixed (Uniform) Price Total Revenue Quantity TR Unit Price

18. Quantity Discount (All Units) Total Revenue Quantity TR Unit Price

19. Uniform Two-Part Prices Total Revenue Quantity TR Unit Price Fixed

20. Two-Block Prices Total Revenue Quantity TR Unit Price

21. 2 Two-Part Prices Total Revenue Quantity TR1 TR2 Unit Price Fixed

22. Price Points Total Revenue Quantity TR Unit Price

23. Cash Discounts and Credit Decisions The seller must determineThe seller must determine The amount of the cash discount The length of the credit period The amount to spend on attempting to collect overdue accounts The customers to whom to offer credit terms The magnitude of the line of credit Increasing the amount of the cash discount or lengthening the time period that the discount applies will result in increases in demand

24. Reasons for Cash Discounts 1.To encourage prompt payment of invoices 2.To reduce credit risks and the cost of collecting overdue accounts 3.To follow industry or historical practice

25. Problems of Cash Discounts 1.It may be more economical for a firm to borrow money on a short-term basis than to offer cash discounts 2.Large buyers may take the cash discount as a matter of routine, even though the payment is not made within the discount period 3.During period of inflation, many firms experience a slow-down in the payment of bills by customers

26. Geographical Pricing Decisions F.O.B. origin pricingF.O.B. origin pricing means the seller quotes prices from the point of shipment Free On BoardFree On Board means it is the buyer’s responsibility to select the mode of transportation, choose the specific carrier, handle any damage claims, and pay all shipping charges

27. Geographical Pricing Decisions Delivered pricingDelivered pricing means the price quoted by the manufacturer includes both the list price and transportation costs Single-zone pricing- the seller receives a different net return when transportation costs for customers vary Multiple-zone pricing- delivered prices are uniform within two or more zones

28. Geographical Pricing Decisions F.O.B. with freight allowed- the buyer arranges and pays for the transportation but deducts these transportation costs from the invoice total and remits the net amount Basing-point pricing- the delivered price is the product’s list price plus transportation costs from a basing point to the buyer

29. Home Assignment What are the advantages and disadvantages of Company wide basing point Answer Question 8,9 of Page 468 END OF CHAPTER