1. The forces on a conductor Section 5

2. A conductor in an electric field experiences forces

3. Momentum flux density: Maxwell stress tensor T ik = the amount of p i passing through df k per unit time per unit area Space components  in volume 2

4. Force on element df on conductor surface = flux of momentum through it from outside sum n

5. (F s ) i = i th component of force per unit area on conductor =  ik n k E is normal to the conductor surface – Let e z = n at a certain point on the surface – Then E 1 = E 2 = 0.

6. The direction of F is outward: A negative pressure Energy density

7. Direction of F is outward: Negative pressure Charged conductor Uncharged conductor in an external field

8. Force per unit area in terms of surface charge density  = E n /4  F s = 2   2 n = (1/2)  E

9. Total (net) force on a conductor is the integral of F s over the surface But F s varies in a complex way Integral is difficult. Easier: Use energy methods

10. Find the energy U of a conductor in the field. Then F = - grad U. The component of force in the direction q is Energy U is a function of e or  but not both, since e and  are not independent. Then for U (e, q) constant e

11. Projection of torque on an axis = = rotation angle about that axis.

12. Conductors in space have constant charge, but their potentials vary as the conductors move around Conductors in a lab are often held at constant potential, then charges on conductors change as the conductors move around If U ( , q) Then during a change in position q of the conductor, we hold  fixed. In practice, this is done with a large external charge reservoir, e.g. capacitor, battery, or power supply.

13. Motion dq Charge transfer maintains  =  a on the conductor The energy of the reservoir is reduced by e a  a

14. Legendre Transform The part of the total energy of the universe that changes due to the motion dq The energy of the conductors alone The energy lost by the reservoirs in putting e a on each conductor. Opposite sign for the case of constant e a

15. Writing the energy again as a function of e a … Potential energy per unit charge, a function of e a. Work done by the field on a system of conductors, reduces the potential energy of the system in the field. So that and Same as (2.7) new

16. For energy expressed in terms of the potentials So that and

17. The net force on a conductor = 0 in a perfectly uniform field. Uniform external field (in absence of the conductor) Spatial derivatives are zero! This field!Not this field! Equation (2.14) can still be useful if the field varies only slightly over the conductor. Then

18. The total torque is non-zero even in a perfectly uniform external field. Angle of rotation A rotation of the body in the field is equivalent to a rotation of the field relative to the body by the opposite angle

19. Dipole moment of body. Where does that come from?

20. By (2.13)

21. Torque Same as vacuum expression External field that would be present without the conductor Dipole moment of body induced by

22. Electrostriction If force and torque are zero, then the deformation of a conductor is the most important effect. Electric force on surface is a negative pressure Body expands Force per unit area = Uniform outward pressure  p First approximation Coefficient of expansion (bulk modulus) -1

23. 1 st law of thermodynamics Exerted on surface by body itself For charged conductor in its own field

24. For an uncharged conductor in a uniform external field