Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byBryan Grant Chambers Modified over 9 years ago
1
Fig. 11-00
2
Fig. 11-01 Gene for a glycolysis enzyme Hemoglobin gene Antibody gene Insulin gene White blood cell Pancreas cell Nerve cell Active gene Key Colorized TEM Colorized SEM
3
Fig. 11-02 Operon turned on (lactose inactivates repressor) Lactose Protein mRNA Lactose enzymes DNA Protein mRNA DNA Operon turned off (lactose absent) Translation Inactive repressor RNA polymerase bound to promoter Transcription Active repressor RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Regulatory gene Promoter Operator Operon Genes for lactose enzymes
4
Fig. 11-02a Protein mRNA DNA Operon turned off (lactose absent) Active repressor RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Regulatory gene Promoter Operator Operon Genes for lactose enzymes
5
Fig. 11-02b Operon turned on (lactose inactivates repressor) Lactose Protein mRNA Lactose enzymes DNA Translation Inactive repressor RNA polymerase bound to promoter Transcription
6
Fig. 11-03-1 DNA Unpacking of DNA Chromosome Gene
7
Fig. 11-03-2 DNA Transcription of gene Unpacking of DNA Chromosome Gene RNA transcript IntronExon
8
Fig. 11-03-3 DNA Flow of mRNA through nuclear envelope Processing of RNA Transcription of gene Unpacking of DNA Chromosome Gene RNA transcript IntronExon mRNA in nucleus Tail Cap mRNA in cytoplasm Nucleus Cytoplasm
9
Fig. 11-03-4 DNA Flow of mRNA through nuclear envelope Processing of RNA Transcription of gene Unpacking of DNA Chromosome Gene RNA transcript IntronExon mRNA in nucleus Tail Cap mRNA in cytoplasm Nucleus Cytoplasm Breakdown of mRNA
10
Fig. 11-03-5 DNA Flow of mRNA through nuclear envelope Processing of RNA Transcription of gene Unpacking of DNA Chromosome Gene RNA transcript IntronExon mRNA in nucleus Tail Cap mRNA in cytoplasm Nucleus Cytoplasm Breakdown of mRNA Translation of mRNA Polypeptide
11
Fig. 11-03-6 DNA Flow of mRNA through nuclear envelope Processing of RNA Transcription of gene Unpacking of DNA Chromosome Gene RNA transcript IntronExon mRNA in nucleus Tail Cap mRNA in cytoplasm Nucleus Cytoplasm Breakdown of mRNA Translation of mRNA Various changes to polypeptide Active protein Polypeptide
12
Fig. 11-03-7 DNA Flow of mRNA through nuclear envelope Processing of RNA Transcription of gene Unpacking of DNA Chromosome Gene RNA transcript IntronExon mRNA in nucleus Tail Cap mRNA in cytoplasm Nucleus Cytoplasm Breakdown of mRNA Translation of mRNA Breakdown of protein Various changes to polypeptide Active protein Polypeptide
13
Fig. 11-04 Cell division and X chromosome inactivation Allele for orange fur Early embryo: X chromosomes Allele for black fur Inactive X Active X Inactive X Active X Orange fur Two cell populations in adult cat: Black fur
14
Fig. 11-04a Cell division and X chromosome inactivation Allele for orange fur Early embryo: X chromosomes Allele for black fur Inactive X Active X Inactive X Active X Orange fur Two cell populations in adult cat: Black fur
15
Fig. 11-05 Bend in the DNA Enhancers (DNA control sequences) Transcription factor Transcription Promoter Gene RNA polymerase
16
Fig. 11-06-1 Exons DNA 1 2 3 5 4
17
Fig. 11-06-2 RNA transcript Exons DNA 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 5 5 4
18
Fig. 11-06-3 RNA transcript Exons RNA splicing mRNA DNA or 1 2 3 5 1 2 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 5 5 4
19
Fig. 11-07-1 Initial polypeptide
20
Fig. 11-07-2 Initial polypeptide Cutting Insulin (active hormone)
21
Fig. 11-08-1 SIGNALING CELL Plasma membrane Signal molecule Secretion TARGET CELL Nucleus
22
Fig. 11-08-2 SIGNALING CELL Plasma membrane Signal molecule Secretion Receptor protein Reception TARGET CELL Nucleus
23
Fig. 11-08-3 SIGNALING CELL Plasma membrane Signal molecule Secretion Receptor protein Reception Signal transduction pathway TARGET CELL Nucleus
24
Fig. 11-08-4 SIGNALING CELL Plasma membrane Signal molecule Secretion Receptor protein Transcription factor (activated) Reception Signal transduction pathway TARGET CELL Nucleus
25
Fig. 11-08-5 SIGNALING CELL mRNA Plasma membrane Signal molecule Secretion Receptor protein Transcription factor (activated) Reception Signal transduction pathway TARGET CELL Nucleus Transcription Response
26
Fig. 11-08-6 SIGNALING CELL mRNA Plasma membrane Signal molecule Secretion Receptor protein Transcription factor (activated) Reception Signal transduction pathway TARGET CELL Nucleus Transcription Response Translation New protein
27
Fig. 11-09 Normal fruit fly Mutant fly with extra wings Normal head Mutant fly with extra legs growing from head
28
Fig. 11-09a Normal fruit fly Mutant fly with extra wings
29
Fig. 11-09b Normal head Mutant fly with extra legs growing from head
30
Fig. 11-10 Fruit fly chromosome Fruit fly embryo (10 hours) Mouse chromosomes Mouse embryo (12 days) Adult fruit flyAdult mouse
31
Fig. 11-10a Fruit fly chromosome Fruit fly embryo (10 hours) Adult fruit fly
32
Fig. 11-10b Mouse chromosomes Mouse embryo (12 days) Adult mouse
33
Fig. 11-11-1 mRNA isolated
34
Fig. 11-11-2 mRNA isolated cDNA made from mRNA Reverse transcriptase and fluorescently labeled DNA nucleotides Fluorescent cDNA
35
Fig. 11-11-3 mRNA isolated cDNA made from mRNA cDNA mixture added to wells DNA microarray Reverse transcriptase and fluorescently labeled DNA nucleotides Fluorescent cDNA
36
Fig. 11-11-4 mRNA isolated DNA of an expressed gene cDNA made from mRNA cDNA mixture added to wells Unbound cDNA rinsed away Fluorescent spot Fluorescent cDNA DNA of an unexpressed gene DNA microarray (6,400 genes) Nonfluorescent spot DNA microarray Reverse transcriptase and fluorescently labeled DNA nucleotides Fluorescent cDNA
37
Fig. 11-11a DNA microarray (6,400 genes)
38
Fig. 11-12-1 Root of carrot plant
39
Fig. 11-12-2 Root cells in growth medium Root of carrot plant
40
Fig. 11-12-3 Cell division in culture Root cells in growth medium Root of carrot plant Single cell
41
Fig. 11-12-4 Young plant Cell division in culture Root cells in growth medium Root of carrot plant Single cell
42
Fig. 11-12-5 Adult plant Young plant Cell division in culture Root cells in growth medium Root of carrot plant Single cell
43
Fig. 11-13-1 Remove nucleus from egg cell
44
Fig. 11-13-2 Donor cell Remove nucleus from egg cell Add somatic cell from adult donor
45
Fig. 11-13-3 Donor cell Nucleus from donor cell Remove nucleus from egg cell Add somatic cell from adult donor Grow in culture to produce an early embryo
46
Fig. 11-13-4 Donor cell Nucleus from donor cell Remove nucleus from egg cell Add somatic cell from adult donor Grow in culture to produce an early embryo Implant embryo in surrogate mother Clone of donor is born Reproductive cloning
47
Fig. 11-13-5 Donor cell Nucleus from donor cell Remove nucleus from egg cell Add somatic cell from adult donor Grow in culture to produce an early embryo Remove embryonic stem cells from embryo and grow in culture Induce stem cells to form specialized cells for therapeutic use Implant embryo in surrogate mother Clone of donor is born Reproductive cloning Therapeutic cloning
48
Fig. 11-13a
49
Fig. 11-14 (a) The first cloned cat (right) (c) Clones of endangered animals (b) Cloning for medical use Gray wolf Gaur Banteng Mouflon calf with mother
50
Fig. 11-14a (a) The first cloned cat (right)
51
Fig. 11-14b (b) Cloning for medical use
52
Fig. 11-14c (c) Clones of endangered animals Gray wolf Gaur Banteng Mouflon calf with mother
53
Fig. 11-15 Adult stem cells in bone marrow Cultured embryonic stem cells Different culture conditions Different types of differentiated cells Heart muscle cells Nerve cells Blood cells
54
Fig. 11-16
55
Fig. 11-17 New promoter Normal growth- stimulating protein in excess Normal growth- stimulating protein in excess Hyperactive growth- stimulating protein Gene moved to new DNA position, under new controls Multiple copies of the gene DNA Mutation within the gene Proto-oncogene (for protein that stimulates cell division) Oncogene
56
Fig. 11-18 Defective, nonfunctioning protein Cell division under control (b) Uncontrolled cell growth (cancer) Normal growth- inhibiting protein Cell division not under control (a) Normal cell growth Tumor-suppressor gene Mutated tumor-suppressor gene
57
Fig. 11-18a Cell division under control Normal growth- inhibiting protein (a) Normal cell growth Tumor-suppressor gene
58
Fig. 11-18b Defective, nonfunctioning protein (b) Uncontrolled cell growth (cancer) Cell division not under control Mutated tumor-suppressor gene
59
Fig. 11-19-1 Oncogene activated DNA changes: Cellular changes: Increased cell division
60
Fig. 11-19-2 Tumor-suppressor gene inactivated Oncogene activated DNA changes: Cellular changes: Increased cell division Growth of benign tumor Colon wall
61
Fig. 11-19-3 Second tumor-suppressor gene inactivated Tumor-suppressor gene inactivated Oncogene activated DNA changes: Cellular changes: Increased cell division Growth of benign tumor Growth of malignant tumor Colon wall
62
Fig. 11-20-1 Normal cell Chromosomes
63
Fig. 11-20-2 1 mutation Normal cell Chromosomes
64
Fig. 11-20-3 1 mutation Normal cell 2 mutations Chromosomes
65
Fig. 11-20-4 1 mutation Normal cell 3 mutations 2 mutations Chromosomes
66
Fig. 11-20-5 1 mutation Normal cell Malignant cell 4 mutations 3 mutations 2 mutations Chromosomes
67
Fig. 11-21
68
Fig. 11-22
69
Fig. 11-T01
70
Fig. 11-T02
71
Fig. 11-UN01
72
Fig. 11-UN02
73
Fig. 11-UN03
74
Fig. 11-UN04
75
Fig. 11-UN05 Regulatory gene A typical operon Promoter Operator Gene 3 Gene 2 Gene 1 Switches operon on or off RNA polymerase binding site Produces repressor that in active form attaches to operator DNA
76
Fig. 11-UN06 Protein breakdown Protein activation mRNA breakdown RNA transport Translation Transcription DNA unpacking RNA processing
77
Fig. 11-UN07 Nucleus from donor cell Embryo implanted in surrogate mother Clone of nucleus donor Early embryo resulting from nuclear transplantation
78
Fig. 11-UN08 Nucleus from donor cell Embryonic stem cells in culture Specialized cells Early embryo resulting from nuclear transplantation
79
Fig. 11-UN09 Proto-oncogene (normal) Oncogene Mutation Normal protein Mutant protein Defective protein Mutation Normal regulation of cell cycle Normal growth-inhibiting protein Out-of-control growth (leading to cancer) Mutated tumor-suppressor gene Tumor-suppressor gene (normal)
Similar presentations
© 2024 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved.