1. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 High performance asphalt and binders Part 2

2. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 1.Long life pavements o Experience, design systems, use, durability & performance 2.High performance asphalt & binders o High modulus asphalt (EME, HiMA), modifiers 3.Sustainability o RAP/WMA, bitumen substitutes, carbon calculators & energy analysis climate change impacts, societal concerns 4.Health & Safety o Construction of road works, health considerations for bitumen and asphalt products 5.Procurement Systems o Proprietary products (Avis Technique, HAPAS, etc.), “green” procurement, REACH, responsible sourcing, PPP and contract models www.aapa.asn.au 2012 Study Tour Key Topics

3. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Topic 2: High performance asphalt & binders Overview of reasons Bituminous binders  key component in the performance and service life of bituminous surfacings & asphalt pavements About 90% of the Australian all weather road network length is surfaced with sprayed seals  about 50% of binder usage Need to ensure optimum asphalt & seals performance in the field, and to promote best practices suitable to be adapted & adopted in Australia. Seeking details on: o new developments and test methods in high performance asphalt and bituminous materials (e.g. HiMA /EME, PMB, Emulsion) o actions taken by European and others (e.g. binder manufacturers, asphalt producers and researchers) to overcome field problems (e.g. climate change) o correlation between laboratory test results and field trials www.aapa.asn.au

4. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Binder Specification and PMB Testing Khar Yean Khoo

5. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Topic 2: High performance asphalt & binders Questions Asphalt o EME/ HiMA - specification, testing, field links, pavement & subgrade requirement, binder selection & processing o Performance & Construction o Reinforced, Modified Binders & SMA – design & composition, service life, pros & cons o Moisture Susceptibility: measures, tests & approaches o PGA/PA: maintenance & performance Specifications and Test Methods o Approaches to proprietary mix design, types of modifiers used, low temperature test methods, control of segregation & degradation, etc www.aapa.asn.au

6. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Topic 2: High performance asphalt & binders Questions Binders o concerns: climate change, quality & characteristic of imported material o testing level, lab-field correlation, stabilisation of unbound material Emulsions o test methods o types used in sprayed chip sealing o performance based specifications Surfacings o cost benefit of thin surfacings, reasons of application & modelling ` www.aapa.asn.au

7. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 European Specifications for Bituminous Binders 7

8. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Bitumen industry position report (2012) 8

9. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 9 Binder standards 1st generation: 1st generation: harmonisation of national existing standards o based on conventional test methods, completed 2nd generation: 2nd generation: development of performance- related standards o project started in 2000, in progress o under responsibility of CEN TC 336 Bituminous Binders.

10. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 European standard development 10 CEN TC336 Bituminous binders

11. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 11 CEN TC336 Bituminous binders Data Collection new tests data on binders BiTVal Project correlation with performance specification recommendations Task Groups TG1 High service temps TG2 Low service temps TG3 Ageing- conditioning

12. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 12 First generation − bitumen based on conventional test methods R & B PENETRATION.

13. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 13 Framework Specification for PMB − EN 14023 (mandatory) penetration softening point cohesion o force-ductility o tensile test at 5  C o Vialit pendulum (surface dressing) durability (RTFOT or RFT) o mass loss, retained pen, increase in S Pt flash point After long discussion, eventually agreed on:

14. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 14 Framework Specification for PMB − EN 14023 () Framework Specification for PMB − EN 14023 (optional) Fraass breaking point elastic recovery plasticity range (S Pt – Fraass BP) storage stability (delta S Pt & pen) fundamental tests (to be reported) o DSR, BBR, deformation energy

15. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 15 Elastic recovery − not an Australian test A bitumen test sample is stretched at a constant speed predetermined elongation (200 mm). The thread of bitumen thus produced is then cut in the middle to obtain two halves. After leaving for 30 min, the distance between the two ends of the threads is measured.

16. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Future binder specifications Industry task force concluded in 2012: 16 a new specification is only required for rheologically complex materials such as : –PMBs –hard paving grade bitumen rheologically simple bitumen meeting EN12591 does not require new specifications

17. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Second Generation Standards first generation specs based on traditional empirical tests performance related specs required by Construction Products Directive performance related standards will cover a broader range of products and stimulate new development 17 Note: binder adhesion will not be addressed. It is important but no easy test method exists or will be developed soon. Need to cover under asphalt properties these are needed because:

18. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1Summary Europeans began development of performance related specifications in 1995 there was great diversity of test and specs among different countries first generation specs (1999 – 2005) concentrated on harmonisation and simple, traditional test methods − these are considered unsuitable for PMBs second generation specifications are required but need input from users 18

19. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 PMB Testing 19

20. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 PMB test methods no really new tests focus is on finding a PMB property related to asphalt rutting SHRP used Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) parameter: G*/sin  - but poor correlation Europeans - Zero Shear Viscosity (ZSV) using DSR then easier to obtain Low Shear Viscosity (LSV) latest is U.S. DSR parameter: non recoverable creep compliance (J nr ) − from the Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) test

21. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Concept of ZSV and LSV Source: ‘Austroads 2010, ‘Laboratory study on relationship between binder properties and asphalt rutting’, AP-T164/10 ZSV LSV

22. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Papers reviewed results from Argentinian and German papers presented at the 5 th Eurobitume & Eurasphalt Congress these relate asphalt laboratory wheel tracking with binder tests: o Zero Shear Viscosity ZSV o Low Shear Viscosity LSV o Multiple Stress Creep Recovery MCSR then will compare with Australian Consistency correlations

23. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Argentinian LSV vs. WT − paper 410 3 asphalt types o dense 20 mm (D-20) o micro 10 mm (M-10) o SMA 10 mm (SMA-10) 3 binder types o conventional bitumen (C) o Multigrade (M) o SBS PMB (PM) Testing o Binders: DSR testing to get LSV at 60  C o Asphalt: Wheel tracking (rutting rate at 60  C shown)

24. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 R 2 = 0.87

25. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 BP German study – paper 402 5 normal paving grade (NPG) 11 PMBs o 7 < 4% additive o 4 > 4% additive 2 low viscosity wax modified (NV) 2 special bitumens (SP) – Multigrade (MG) and Phosphoric acid modified Binders Asphalt  50 mm slabs of hot rolled asphalt (6.9% binder content ）  Wheel tracked at 45  C and 60  C

26. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 German study R 2 values for three tests PropertyBinder condition R2R2 Softening Pointfresh0.68 ZSVfresh0.49 J nr fresh0.79 J nr RTFOT aged0.90

27. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 MSCR test conditions (for J nr ) load applied for 1 s, recover for 9 s further 10 creep/recovery cycles repeated for 4 stress levels (30, 100, 300, 1,000 Pa) PMB CRMB Hv PMB

28. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Wheel tracking rut rate vs. J nr of RTFOT aged bitumen at 45  C and 60  C R 2 = 0.90

29. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Consistency (Oliver 1998) R 2 = 0.89

30. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Reciprocal plot (Urquhart 2010)

31. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Consistency @ 5% strain (Choi 2010)

32. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Conclusions DSR parameters used to predict rut resistance: o Jnr from MCSR best (using aged binders) o LSV satisfacotry (reciprocal relationship) o ZSV poor in reported study Elastometer Consistency gave good prediction and will be improved by o using Consistency 5% or 6% (Choi & Urquhart) o reciprocal relationship (Urquhart) Consistency reciprocal plot is useful for developing specification limits

33. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Thank You 33

34. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Adhesion Constancy / consistency of quality (ITT) Long Term Ageing Problems / challenges 34

35. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Which test for which property? TG1 – High Service Temperatures TG2 – Low Service Temperatures TG3 – Ageing-conditioning TG’s Challenges Takes a lot of time Moving forward (very slowly) Good test methods are needed

36. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 TG1HIGH SERVICE TEMP Source: Egbert Beuving, AAPA 2012 study tour PowerPoint presentation

37. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 TG2LOW SERVICE TEMP/CRACKING Source: Egbert Beuving, AAPA 2012 study tour PowerPoint presentation

38. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 TG3AGEING-CONDITIONING Source: Egbert Beuving, AAPA 2012 study tour PowerPoint presentation

39. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 OTHER REQUIREMENTS Source: Egbert Beuving, AAPA 2012 study tour PowerPoint presentation

40. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Consistency correlation: R 2 summary for 4 mix designs 40 Consistency % Choi 10mmUrquhart 10mmUrquhart 14mmRemtulla 10mm 5%0.820.770.950.94 6%0.800.820.960.93 7%0.790.840.960.92 8%0.780.870.970.92 9%0.760.890.970.92 10%0.760.900.970.92 15%0.720.930.980.92 20%0.700.950.980.93 25%0.690.960.980.94 30%0.670.960.990.94 50%0.650.960.990.95 80%0.630.960.990.95 100%0.630.960.990.96

41. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 Consistency 6% correlation (Urquhart − BSWG, Feb 2012) 41 Choi 10 mm mix Fitted curve: Wheel tracking = A / (Consistency 6%) + B Urquhart 10 mm mix

42. AAPA 2012 Study Tour to Europe – High performance asphalt and binders – Part 2 v1 42 Remtulla 10 mm mix Fitted curve: Wheel tracking = A / (Consistency 6%) + B Urquhart 14 mm mix Consistency 6% correlation (Urquhart − BSWG, Feb 2012)

43. Elastometer www.aapa.asn.au a) 50/100 method: conventional Consistency b) 20/40 method: Underlying Viscosity (UV) over 20-40% strain c) Consistency at 5% strain