2.  The study of fresh bodies of water  Lentic: standing water (lakes and ponds)  Lotic: flowing water (streams and rivers)

3.  How might they be different?

5.  Glacial erosion and deposition - movement of glaciers eroded land (Great Lakes)  Deposition of silt, driftwood, and other debris in slow-flowing streams- cuts off a meander and forms a crescent shape or oxbow lake.

6.  Shifts in the Earth’s crust- tectonic movement; valleys and craters fill with water  Nongeological activity: manmade dams, log jams, strip mining (all lakes in TX except one, which one???)

7.  High specific heat of water make aquatic environment temperatures more stable than terrestrial Epilimnion: surface water, small temperature change Metalimnion: middle mass of water with a rapid temperature decline (1°C/ meter) Thermocline: temperature gradient found in metalimnion Hypolimnion: deep cold layer cutoff from air; most dense

9.  Summer- large thermocline. Why?  Winter- Surface water loses heat to atmosphere therefore thermocline decreases  Overturn: surface water temp. decreases and causes water to mix and stir up nutrients and dissolved oxygen because of density changes (Fall and Spring)

13.  Enters the water by absorption from the atmosphere and by photosynthesis  The amount of oxygen and other gases water can hold depends upon pressure and temperature  As temperature increases- solubility of dissolved oxygen decreases  As pressure increase- solubility of DO increases

14.  Water loses oxygen through increased temperature, increased respiration of aquatic life, and aerobic decomposition  During the summer, oxygen may become stratified in lakes and ponds  The quantity of oxygen decreases with depth because of decomposition in the bottom sediments

15.  During Spring and Fall overturn- water circulation (churning) replenishes oxygen in the bottom  In winter- DO decreases slightly with depth; DO is more stable because cold water can hold more DO than warm water

18.  The depth to which light penetrates is limited by turbidity of the water and the absorption of light rays Trophogenic zone- layer through which light can penetrate and where photosynthesis occurs (photic zone) Tropholytic zone- layer through which light cannot pass through and where decomposition occurs Compensation level-where photosynthesis ends and decomposition begins

19.  1. Littoral zone- (horizontal) shallow water zone where light penetrates the bottom emergents- plants whose roots are underwater and stems and leaves are above water. Live in the littoral zone. submergents-completely below water

21.  2. Limnetic Zone -Open water zone where photosynthesis occurs  Plankton- suspended/floating organism  Phytoplankton- photosynthetic plankton; algae  Zooplankton- animal-like plankton; rotifer  Nekton-free swimming organisms

24.  Is carried out in the limnetic zone by phytoplankton (ALGAE) and in the littoral zone by macrophytes- large aquatic plants (emergents and submergents)  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 (photosynthetic equation)

25. 1)Title your paper Lentic Ecosystem- mid-summer 2) Draw a cross section of a lake on your paper (this should take up a considerable amount of room on your paper). 3) Use your Freshwater Ecosystem Notes and laptop to label following on the cross section of a lake: 4) Use your freshwater Ecosystem Notes and laptop and draw in examples in their proper places of the following the cross section of a lake: Littoral Zone, Limnetic Zone, Trophogenic Zone, Tropholytic Zone, Compensation Depth Epilimnion, Metalimnion, Hypolimnion, Thermocline, Benthic Zone sun, sun rays, emergents, submergents, algae, and fish. Label where decomposition and photosynthesis are occurring.

26. 1. Rainwater runs off - dissolves and carries nutrients into lakes. 2. Water carries with it silt, clay, organic matter, and nutrients in solution to enrich the aquatic ecosystem 3. Human activities including road building, logging, mining, construction, and agriculture add to the amount of silt and organic matter

29.  Eutrophication- nutrient enrichment of an aquatic ecosystem  Oligotrophication- nutrient poor aquatic ecosystem

30.  Deeper, steep sides  Poorly developed littoral zone  Blue-green water, clear  High in DO  Poor in phosphorous, nitrogen, and calcium  Few organisms but a high diversity  Very little organic matter

32.  Shallow  Rich in organic matter and nutrients  DO depletion in hypolimnion during summer due to decomposition  Eventually will turn into a bog or marsh  Lots of organisms, low diversity

35.  For a healthy ecosystem you want a balance between eutrophic and oligotrophic.  There needs to be enough nutrients for organisms to grow and reproduce.

36.  Flowing Water Habitats  Creeks, streams, and rivers  The flow of the water influences the lives of the organisms inhabiting the waters and the physical characteristics of the stream.

37. http://www.scienceclarified.com/landforms/images/ueol_03_img01 08.jpg

38.  Headwaters: streams that join together and form a river  Near headwaters river usually flow fast and currents are swift  Rocky bottom  Higher levels of D.O. due to flow and temperature of the water.

39.  Velocity decreases  River gets wider and wider  Meanders become common (curves)  Pools: where water is deeper and slows down, filled with fine sediments  Riffles: faster, shallower with rocky bottom  Run: fast flowing water, deeper water

41. The meandering Tigre River, Argentina. PHOTOGRAPH REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION OF THE CORBIS CORPORATION Read more: http://www.scienceclarified.com/landforms/Ocean- Basins-to-Volcanoes/Stream-and-River.html#ixzz1147UMeyXhttp://www.scienceclarified.com/landforms/Ocean- Basins-to-Volcanoes/Stream-and-River.html#ixzz1147UMeyX

42. http://www.geographyhigh.connectfree.co.uk/s3riversgeoghigh26f. gif

43. http://belmont.sd62.bc.ca/teacher/geology12/photos/erosion- water/Meander_processes.jpg

44.  Flat stretches of land on either side of a slow moving river  During storms, rivers overflow and flood these areas  When water recedes deposits of rich sediment are left behind ; fertile land

45.  Less oxygen  Warmer temperature  Communities of catfish, algae, turtles, dragonflies and other organisms that can live in lower DO.

46.  Usually empties into an ocean or a lake.  Water slows even more  Sediment is deposited and creates new land called a delta.  Where a river meets an ocean, freshwater mixes with salt water, an estuary is formed.  Estuaries are important nurseries for lots of aquatic organisms.

48. http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2117/2279411722_17c2675fb1.jp g

49.  In temperate regions, leaves and other plant parts (Coarse particulate organic matter or CPOM) are the main source of energy available to the stream ecosystem. Headwaters: more CPOM Benthic invertebrates: shredders and collectors Fish: trout (colder more oxygenated water)

50.  Near headwaters: high O 2, colder temperatures, CPOM  Further downstream: lower O 2, warmer temperatures, FPOM  Affects which species flourish in a given area

52.  Down stream: Fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) washed down from headwaters  Algae (both filamentous and planktonic) and plants are more common because of slower water and more sunlight.  Few shredders, more collectors and grazers.  Fish: Carp and catfish, tolerate lower D.O. and warmer temperatures.