1. PRESENTED BY TAYJES PATEL
FOSTERING
SALMONELLA
PRESENTED BY TAYJES PATEL
OCTOBER 21, 2014

2. Overview Salmonella S. Heidelberg
History, Epidemiology, Symptoms & Prevention
S. Heidelberg
History, Identification & Prevalence
Antibiotics
Antibiotic Resistance – Cephalosporins
Antibiotics used in Intergrated Poultry Production Line

3. Overview Foster Farms Conclusion Company profile
Timeline of events for Salmonella Heidelberg Outbreak
Revision of food safety due to the Salmonella Heidelberg Outbreak
Conclusion

4. Salmonella
History
Salmonella derived from Dr. Salmon, a U.S. veterinary surgeon, who discovered and isolated the strain from the intestine of a pig in 1885
Salmonellosis is the infection caused by the bacteria Salmonella.
No vaccine available to prevent Salmonellosis

5. Salmonella Epidemiology Rod-shaped, gram negative, motile bacterium
One-celled organisms that pass from the feces of people or animals to other people or other animals
Slow growth has been observed at 41°F, with a maximum growth between 113°F and 116°F

6. Salmonella
Symptoms
Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea (sometimes bloody), vomiting and fever
Onset time: 8-72 hours after consuming the contaminated source
Duration: 4-7 days

7. Salmonella Symptoms (cont.) Effective dose: 8-20 cells
Associated Foods: Raw meats, poultry, eggs, milk, dairy products, fish, peanut butter…

8. Salmonella Prevention
Wash hands with soap for 20 seconds before and after handling foods, especially raw meats, and between non-food related tasks
Avoid possible cross contamination of foods by keeping raw meats separate from produce, cooked foods and ready to eat foods
Cook poultry (165°F), ground beef (155°F) and eggs (145°F) thoroughly by reaching each food item’s final cooking temperature

9. Salmonella Heidelberg
What is Salmonella?

10. Salmonella Heidelberg
S. Heidelberg was first isolated from human by a German scientist named Habs in 1933
S. Heidelberg was first reported from animals in the US in 1954
It is believed that the increase in human infection due to S. Heidelberg was initially associated with the presence of the organism in foods containing poultry
S. Heidelberg is one of more than 2500 different known serotypes of Salmonella family

11. S. Heidelberg
According to US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Salmonella Heidelberg currently accounts for roughly 4.0% for all confirmed Salmonella cases nationwide – or approximately 1800 cases per year. Making this particular salmonella serotype the 4th most common.

12. Antibiotics
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) first approved the use of antibiotics in the food animal production industry nearly 50 years ago
Antibiotics are used in four ways in food animals:
- to prevent disease
- to treat disease
- to control disease
- to promote growth by controlling intestinal bacteria
that block nutrient absorption

13. Antibiotics

14. Antibiotic Resistance
Due to the increase use of a variety of antibiotics to treat the possibility of Salmonella infection of infected birds (primarily by the fecal-oral route), has now caused a sharp rise of antibiotic-resistant salmonella in poultry
The annual cost of treating antibiotic-resistant infectious in the US is $30 billion

15. Antibiotic Resistance

16. Antibiotics
What type of antibiotics are being given and used in the food-producing animals?

17. Antibiotics

18. Antibiotics

19. Cephalosporins
Commonly used to treat severe Salmonella infections in adults and are the main drug of choice when treating children
Main mechanism of resistance to cephalosporins is the production of beta-lactamases, which are enzymes that manage to inactivate the antibiotics being applied
On April of 2012, the FDA prohibited the unapproved use of cephalosporins in cattle, pig, chicken and turkey; yet injecting doses of chicken eggs just prior to egg hatchery has become too widespread

20. Cephalosporins
Currently, about five percent of Salmonella serotypes are resistant to cephalosporins, mostly in cases of Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Newport

21. Antibiotics
Where are the antibiotics being applied in relation to a commercial poultry production line?

22. Antibiotics
Antibiotics are applied in three stages of the poultry production line:
- Mixed directly into the finished feed (Corn & Soybean meal) Integrated for uptake by breeder hens inside of breeder farms
- Spray application
Integrated after chicks have hatched from hatchery but before the chicks reach the grow out houses
- Inside water system
Intergrated on an demand feeder line or individual nipple feeder after the chicks have reached the grow out house

23. Antibiotics

24. Foster Farms
Established in 1939 in Modesto, Ca., by Max and Verda Foster; later moved to current headquarters in Livingston, Ca
Have 5 plants within California and 6 plants outside of California (Colorado, Louisiana, Alabama, Arkansas, Oregon & Washington)
Federally inspected plants since 04/01/76 because Foster Farm has plants that transport meat interstate, therefore, they must employ federal inspectors (FSIS) to assure compliance with USDA standards

25. Foster Farms Foster Farms S. Heidelberg Outbreak Timeline:
10/7/13: USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) branch that regularly inspects all commercial meat, poultry and processed egg facilities, issues a Public Health Alert due to concerns that illness caused by S. Heidelberg is associated with poultry products by Foster Farms at three facilities (2) in Fresno and (1) in Livingston.

26. Foster Farms
Why didn’t FSIS issue a recall instead of Public Health Alert for all the poultry in question?
In a recall a company is required to remove all adulterated or misbranded product. The FSIS ensures that the company properly identify, remove and issue a press release of the recalled product. A Public Health Alert is used where FSIS inspectors have reason to believe that a meat or poultry product may be associated with human illnesses, but they cannot identify a specific product that is linked to the illnesses. In the Foster Farms case, FSIS did not have the evidence to make a legal case for a recall of any poultry products.

27. Foster Farms Foster Farms S. Heidelberg Outbreak Timeline:
10/10/13: The Kroger Co., one of the world’s largest retailers, with 2,418 stores in the US, announced a recall of all Foster Farms poultry packages with the USDA mark of inspection numbers P6137, P6137A or P7632.

28. Foster Farms

29. Foster Farms Foster Farms S. Heidelberg Outbreak Timeline:
10/10/13: The FSIS identified multiple non-compliances including but not limited to findings of:
- poor sanitary dressing practices
- insanitary food contact surfaces
- insanitary non-food contact surfaces
- direct product contamination

30. Foster Farms Foster Farms S. Heidelberg Outbreak Timeline:
10/11/13: USDA-FSIS announced that Foster Farms submitted and implemented after approval, immediate substantive changes to their slaughter and processing to allow for continued operations.

31. Foster Farms Foster Farms S. Heidelberg Outbreak Timeline:
10/12/13: Costco’s El Camino Real store located in South San Francisco recalled more than 23,000 units of rotisserie chicken products due to possible S. Heidelberg contamination.
10/17/13: Seven strains of S. Heidelberg identified to the outbreak by Center for Disease Control (CDC).

32. Foster Farms Foster Farms S. Heidelberg Outbreak Timeline:
10/24/13: Mexico, a major export market for Foster Farms poultry, blocked imports of poultry from the three central
California processing facilities linked to the S. Heidelberg.

33. Foster Farms Foster Farms S. Heidelberg Outbreak Timeline:
10/29/13: Foster Farms acknowledged that since the Salmonella outbreak in early October, sales of its poultry dropped 25%.
10/29/13: Company President Ron Foster issued a public apology in an ad that ran in major newspapers from San Diego to Seattle.

34. Foster Farms Foster Farms S. Heidelberg Outbreak Timeline:
11/6/13: Foster Farms issued a press release on steps that have been taken since the initial UDSA-FSIS approved plan of operations to their slaughter and processing operations. Included but not specified were 23 new control measures specifically for Salmonella reduction.

35. Foster Farms
According to Foster Farms newly revised process for controlling and testing for Salmonella at the processing stage, the company has enhanced the food safety steps intended to lower the incidence level of Salmonella on raw chicken to include poultry parts. They have done so by being the first commercial poultry plant in the US to set a baseline standard of 5% as compared to the industry standard of 25% for processing whole chicken into individual parts. (Note: There is no USDA standard for this process).

36. Results of Outbreak
07/24/14: Listed below are the epidemiological results posted on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website for the multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg infections linked to Foster Farms Brand Chicken.
At a glance:
- Case Count: 634 people (490 California)
- States: 29
- Death: 0
- Hospitalization: 38%
- Recall: Yes

37. Results of Outbreak
Persons infected with the outbreak strain of Salmonella Heidelberg, by State

38. Conclusion
Even though antibiotics are being introduced at some point in many food processing systems, multiple scientific studies have proven that frequent handwashing, properly handling of raw poultry to avoid any cross contamination and cooking poultry to 165 degrees Fahrenheit internally will kill any pathogens, including Salmonella Heidelberg on or in the meat.