1. Ethnic Boundary Theory Large and Small-Scale Ethnic Boundaries Boundary Marking & Boundary Shifts Twilight Of Ethnicity Symbolic Ethnicity “Ethnic Options”

2. Ethnic Boundaries Large-Scale Small-Scale (White) Ethnic Boundaries

3. Boundary Marking & Boundary Shifts Boundary Marking: Boundary Marking: Occurs when ethnic distinctions are maintained [by group members, not outsiders] by language, food, culture, or other “markers” that identify group members to each other and to outsiders. Boundary Shifting: Boundary Shifting: Individuals: Individuals: Occurs when individuals move across an ethnic boundary (structurally and culturally) Groups: Occurs when boundaries become less salient (e.g., occupations) or previously recognized distinctions are removed (e.g., religious celebrations) Richard Alba

4. Does Ethnicity Still Matter? Robert Park: Because of “straight-line” assimilation. Richard Alba: Because of a “twilight of ethnicity” leaving social class, not ethnicity, as the key determinant of outcomes. Emile Durkheim: Because of a shift from a “mechanistic” to an “organic” division of labor. Ascription matters less than achievement.

5. Does Ethnicity Still Matter? Herbert Gans: The vestigial value of “Symbolic Ethnicity” Heritage Festivals Homeland Tourism Ancestral Language Class Factors Which Increase Identification Generational Component Socioeconomic Status Intact Families Country Of Origin Mary Waters: Whites are still capable of taking advantage of their “Ethnic Options” “Ethnic Options”