1. 02 - Structural Design Patterns – 2 Moshe Fresko Bar-Ilan University תשס"ח 2008

2. Flyweight Moshe Fresko Bar-Ilan University תשס"ו - 2005-2006 Design Patterns Course

3. Flyweight Intent: Use sharing to support large number of fine-grained objects efficiently. Motivation An Object Oriented Document editor implementation may have objects representing each character. Even a moderate sized Document may need lots of character objects. The Flyweight pattern describes how to share objects to allow their use at fine granularities.

4. Flyweight - Motivation

5. Flyweight A Flyweight is a shared object that can be used in multiple contexts simultaneously Indistinguishable from a non-shared object Key concept is to distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic state. Intrinsic state is stored in the Flyweight, and is independent of the context.  Example: Character code, and its graphical style. Extrinsic state depends on the context and thus it cannot be shared  Coordinate position, character’s typographic style.

6. Flyweight

7. Flyweight – Motivation

8. Flyweight – Applicability The Flyweight pattern’s effectiveness depends on where and how it’s used. Use it when: An application uses a large number of objects Storage costs are high because of sheer quantity of objects Most object state can be made Extrinsic Many groups of objects may be replaced by relatively few shared objects once extrinsic state is removed The application doesn’t depend on object identity.

9. Flyweight – Structure

11. Flyweight – Participants Flyweight Declares an interface through which flyweights can act on extrinsic state. ConcreteFlyweight Implements the Flyweight interface and adds storage for intrinsic state, if any. UnsharedConcreteFlyweight Not all Flyweight subclasses need be shared. FlyweightFactory Creates and manages flyweight objects and their sharing. Client Maintains a reference to flyweight and stores the extrinsic state

12. Flyweight – Implementation Removing Extrinsic State The pattern’s applicability is determined largely by how easy it is to identify the extrinsic state and remove it from shared objects. Managing Shared Objects Clients shouldn’t instantiate the objects directly. Flyweight factory uses an associative store to locate existing objects. Reference counting and Garbage Collection may be needed if an object is no longer in use. This is not necessary if the number of objects is fixed and small.

13. StringExample class StringExample { public static void main(String[]args) { String ent1 = new String("This is a string") ; String ent2 = new String("This is another string") ; String ent3 = new String("This is another string") ; if (ent2==ent3) System.out.println("ent2 and ent3: same String ref.") ; else System.out.println("ent2 and ent3: different String ref.") ; }

14. Unique String import java.util.* ; interface Entity { public String getName() ; } class EntityFactory { static class EntityWrapper implements Entity { String str = null ; public EntityWrapper(String str) { this.str = str ; } public String getName() { return str ; } } private static Map map = new HashMap() ; public static Entity getByName(String str) { if (! map.containsKey(str)) map.put(str,str) ; return new EntityWrapper((String)map.get(str)) ; } public static int getSize() { return map.size() ; } }

15. Unique String class UniqueString { public static void main(String[]args) { Entity ent1 = EntityFactory.getByName("This is a string"); Entity ent2 = EntityFactory.getByName("This is another string"); Entity ent3 = EntityFactory.getByName("This is another string"); System.out.println("# of Strings in Memory is "+ EntityFactory.getSize()) ; if (ent2.getName()==ent3.getName()) System.out.println("ent2 and ent3: same String ref.") ; else System.out.println("ent2 and ent3: different String ref.") ; } Output: # of Strings in Memory is 2 ent2 and ent3: same String ref.

16. Proxy Moshe Fresko Bar-Ilan University תשס"ו - 2005-2006 Design Patterns Course

17. Proxy Intent: Provide a surrogate or placeholder for another object to control access to it Motivation: On-demand creation. Like a document editor having expensive-to-create graphical objects. A proxy can be stand-in for the real image object.

18. Proxy – Motivation

19. Applicability and Types of Proxy Patterns Proxy is applicable whenever there is a need for a more versatile or sophisticated reference to an object than a simple pointer. Some example cases are: 1. Remote proxy: Provides a local representative for an object in a different address space. 2. Virtual proxy: Creates expensive objects on demand. 3. Protection proxy: Controls access to original objects. 4. Smart reference: Replacement for a bare pointer. Counting the number of references to the real object. Loading an object into memory when it is first accessed. Checking that the real object is locked (unchangeable).

20. Proxy – Structure

21. Proxy - Participants Proxy Maintains a reference to the real subject Provides interface for the subject so that it can be substituted with the subject Control access to the real subject Subject Defines the common interface for real Subject and Proxy RealSubject Defines the real object that the proxy represents

22. Proxy – Consequences Proxy forwards requests to Real Subject when appropriate 1. A remote proxy can hide the fact that the object resides in a different address space. 2. A virtual proxy can perform optimization by creating the object on demand. 3. Protection proxies and smart references allow additional housekeeping. Copy-on-write can be hidden from client.

23. Unique String with Ref Count class EntityFactory { private static Map map = new HashMap() ; private static void removeStr(String str) { map.remove(str) ; } static class RefCountedEntity { private String str; private int cnt; RefCountedEntity(String str) { this.str=str ; cnt=0 ; } public void incr() { cnt++ ; } public void decr() { if ((--cnt)==0) removeStr(str) ; } public String getName() { return str ; } }... }

24. Unique String with Ref Count class EntityFactory {... static class EntityWrapper implements Entity { RefCountedEntity ref = null ; public EntityWrapper(RefCountedEntity ref) { this.ref = ref ; ref.incr() ; } public String getName() { return ref.getName() ; } public void finalize() { ref.decr() ; } } public static Entity getByName(String str) { if (! map.containsKey(str)) map.put(str,new RefCountedEntity(str)) ; return new EntityWrapper((RefCountedEntity)map.get(str)) ; } public static int getSize() { return map.size() ; } }

25. Unique String with Ref Count class UniqueStringRef { public static void main(String[]args) { Entity ent1 = EntityFactory.getByName("This is a string") ; Entity ent2 = EntityFactory.getByName("This is another string") ; Entity ent3 = EntityFactory.getByName("This is another string") ; System.out.println("# of Strings in Memory is "+EntityFactory.getSize()) ; if (ent2.getName()==ent3.getName()) System.out.println("ent2 and ent3: same String ref.") ; else System.out.println("ent2 and ent3: different String ref.") ; System.out.println("Clearing ent1..") ; ent1 = null ; System.gc() ; System.out.println("# of Strings in Memory now is “ +EntityFactory.getSize()) ; } Output: # of Strings in Memory is 2 ent2 and ent3: same String ref. Clearing ent1.. # of Strings in Memory now is 1