1. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 webmaster@science-i.comwebmaster@science-i.com Supplemental instruction Nervous system (Instro.) Picture from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron

2. Two types of cells in nervous tissue: Neurons and Supporting cells (glial cells in CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) = cranial and spinal nerves (all nervous tissue outside the CNS) Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS) = brain and spinal cord Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

3. Cranial nerve(PNS) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

4. A C D E H A:Dendrites B:Nucleus C: Axon hillcock D:Cell body E:Axon F (Pink) :Myelin H: Schwann cell G: Axon terminal __________ Nutritional center; nucleus and organelles. __________ transmit electrical impulses to the cell body. __________ nerve impulses originate there. __________ transmits impulse away from the cell body. __________ is wrapped around the axon B F (Pink) G D:Cell body A:Dendrites C: Axon hillcock E:Axon F(Pink):Myelin H:Schwann cell Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

5. In periphery, myelin is produced by In CNS, it is produced by oligodendrocytes. Schwann cells. Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes are Supporting cells. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

6. How many type of cells are seen?Two:Neuron, Schwann cell What does myelin do? Advantage?Electrically insulates axon. ;improves the conduction speed of nerve impulses, enabling fast reactions What is the unmyelinated part A?Node of Ranvier A Myelinated axons conduct nervous impulses more rapidly than unmyelinated. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

7. Structural Classes of Neurons _______________ -One process -Dendrites act as receptors -Axon leads to brain or spinal cord -e.g. Most sensory neurons Pseudounipolar _______________ -Dendrites and axon arise from apposite ends of cell body. -e.g. Retina Bipolar _______________ -Dendrites and axon arise from apposite ends of cell body. -e.g. Motor neuron, Interneuron Multipolar Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

8. Function of Nervous system 1) Senses _______ (such as sight, touch, taste, etc.) stimuli 2) Formulates a response to the stimuli : perceptions, thoughts, and reflexes  usually in the ______. CNS 3) Transmits signals rapidly between body parts :Sense organs  CNS :CNS  the muscles (Response) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

9. What are the two supporting cells (glial cells) in the PNS? What they do? ______________ -form myelin sheaths around peripheral axons ______________ -supply nutrients, some structural function. -act as protective, cushioning cells. -lining the exterior surface of neurons; -surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia * Ganglia = collection of cell bodies. Schwann cells Satellite cells Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

10. What are the four supporting cells in the CNS? Astrocyte, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocyte, & Microglia Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

11. In the CNS A B E F G C Fluid! A: Capillary B: Astrocyte C: Ependymal cells D: Cerebral spinal fluid E: Neurons F: Oligodendrocyte G: Microglia What are B, C, F, and G? D Supporting(glial) cells Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

12. A: Capillary B: Astrocyte C: Ependymal cells D: Cerebral spinal fluid E: Neurons F: Oligodendrocyte G: Microglia ______________are glial cell in CNSAll but not A & E ______________are common glial cell in CNS B: Astrocyte ______________form blood-brain barrier B: Astrocyte ______________Help with ion uptake and help move glucose from blood to brain. B: Astrocyte ______________Neural stem cells. C: Ependymal cells ______________Immune response in NS, recognizing infectious agents G: Microglia Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

13. White matter (myelinated part) In CNS, Some have myelinated part. Other have unmyelinated part. Gray matter (unmyelinated part) (Cell bodies and dendrites are gray matter) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

14. ________________ -Capillary specializations in the brain -Do not allowed most nutrients and other molecules in the blood to exit. - But, __________ help with ion uptake and help move glucose from blood to brain and form blood-brain barrier Blood-Brain Barrier astrocytes Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

15. ___________ located entirely within CNS, integrates functions in CNS Sensory (from sensory receptor to CNS) What are the two types of motor neuron? _________ stimulates skeletal muscles _________ affects smooth and cardiac muscle, also glandular secretion. Interneuron Somatic Autonomic Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

16. ___________ bundle of axons ___________ bundle of nerve cell bodies outside of CNS ___________ bundle of nerve cell bodies within CNS ___________ connects regions of CNS Nerve Ganglion Nucleus Tract Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

17. There are three neuron types _____________________________________ Sensory neurons, Interneuron, & motor neuron Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

18. Sensory neuronsMotor neurons -afferent neurons(to the CNS) -(PNS/CNS) neuron -to neurons in the CNS -stimulated by ___________. -efferent neurons (from the CNS) -(PNS/CNS) neuron -to muscles or glands -stimulated by ___________. Interneurons -association neurons -(PNS/CNS) neuron sense stimuli interneurons CNS Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

19. ________________ -Nerves that connect to the CNS in the spine -(PNS/CNS) ______ PNS -Bundle of axons in the PNS -Wrapped by _______________. -Most mixed nerves: ______________________. Nerve connective tissue sensory and motor neurons ________________ -Nerves that connect to the CNS in the head -(PNS/CNS) Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

20. _________________ voltage across membrane due to only 1 ion where electrical and diffusion forces are equal and opposite. ie/ K+ =_______, Na+ = _____ Equilibrium potential -90mV60mV ________________________ -Not producing impulses, -Around _______ -K+ drives most of RMP because it is quite permeable. Resting membrane potential (RMP) -70mV Cell membrane is more pearmeable ( K+ than Na+ / Na+ than K+). Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

21. Choose K +, Na +, Cl -, Mg 2+ ___ is very permeable and is high inside cell. The inside cell is large (negatively/positively) charged molecules inside the cell. ___ moves out faster than ___ moves in. K+K+ K+K+ N+N+ What is the protein transport on the membrane contributes to the resting membrane potential? Na+/K+ pump Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

22. _______________ -The electrical nerve signal that travels through the axon. -” ALL or NONE!” Action potential Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

23. Voltage-gated sodium channels are found all along the axon. Potassium channels are found near each voltage-gated sodium channel. Threshold voltage -The voltage enough to open the VG- channel -50 ~55mv Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

24. 1)Resting membrane 2) Membrane potential reaches at threshold. 3) Na+-VG channel open 4) Na+-VG channel close 5) K+-VG channel open 6) K+-VG channel close 7) Na+/K+ pump restore balance of the ions. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

25. Define “resting membrane potential.” How many mV is it? A potential difference across the membrane. -70mV *Choose Depolarization, Repolarization, & Hyperpolarization. ___________ back to the resting potential ___________ positive charges to flow into the cell. Repolarization Depolarization ___________ potential difference approaches zero ___________ potential difference increases by negative charges enter cell Hyperpolarization Depolarization Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

26. *Choose depolarization, repolarization, & hyperpolarization, threshold, K+, Na+. The resting cell is more permeable to __ than __. The leakage channels for K+ are always (open/closed) at the resting cell. There are VG channels for K+ and Na+, which are always (open/closed) at resting cell. At ________ by ________, VG channels for __ are open and membrane becomes permeable to __, and __ can diffuse into cell causing _________.(positive feedback) ;causes a rapid change in MP from –70 to +30 mV *VG:Votage-gated K+Na+ threshold depolarization Na+ depolarization Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

27. *Choose depolarization, repolarization, & hyperpolarization, threshold, K+, Na+. Just before VG channels for Na+, VG channels for__ are open and __ diffuses out of the cell causing __________, which repolarizes axon back to the resting membrane potential. *VG:Votage-gated How does the cell return back to the resting membrane potential? Na/K pumps restore balance of the ions. K+, repolarization Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

28. The electrical nerve signal that travels through the axon. Action potential Action potention is formed by rapid depolarization of the membrane by (Na+/K+/Mg2+) (influx/efflux); followed by rapid repolarization by (Na+/K+/Mg2+) (influx/efflux). Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

29. ______________ When a region of the axon has started to depolarize, it must fully complete its entire depolarization sequence before a new action potential can begin  called the _______________. Refractory period refractory period Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

30. Review for de-, re-,and Hyperpolarization Na+ K+ Na+ Resting membrane K+ Depolarization Hyperpolarization Hyperpolarization, but In action potential, repolarization Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

31. Stronger stimuli stimulate more and more _______. As more action potentials are stimulated, their amplitude (increases/decreases/does not change). Strength effect = ____________ Increased stimulus intensity causes (more/less) APs to be fired. Action potential frequency Axons Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

32. -interaction between a molecule (ligand) and a protein on or within a target cell (receptor). Ligand-Receptor interaction Ligands ~ Neurotransmitter, hormones…Receptors ~ Neurotransmitter receptors, hormone receptors, ligand-gated channel… (specific!) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

33. __________is a connection between a neuron, called __________, and an another cell, called __________. Synapse presynaptic postsynaptic Synaptic transmission at chemical synapses is via _______________. neurotransmitters There are a few _________ synapse in nervous system, in smooth muscle and in heart gap junctions. electrical Most are __________ synapses. chemical Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

34. A : B : C: 1. Mitochondria 2. 3. Autoreceptor 4. 5. 6. 7. release NT by___________ 8. NT re-uptake pump Neuron (Presynaptic) Neuron or cells (Postsynaptic) Synaptic vesicle Synaptic cleft NT receptor Calcium Channel exocytosis C Neurotransmitter(NT) Chemical Synapse! Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

35. Synaptic Transmission 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Action potentials reach at the axon terminal. VG-Ca2+ channels open. Ca2+ activates calmodulin. Calmodulin activates a protein kinase. Protein kinase promote fusion and exocytosis of vesicles. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

36. Depolarizing channels cause ___________________________ Hyperpolarizing channels cause __________ EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

37. EPSPs and IPSPs summate.  if membrane potential in postsynaptic cell reaches threshold at the axon hillock, a new AP is generated.  if not, no AP occur. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

38. Acetylcholine (ACh) is most widely used as ______ and has _________ and ___________ receptor.nicotinicmuscarinic NT ________________ nicotinic muscarinic Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

39. Nicotinic ACh ReceptorMuscarinic ACh Receptor Where are they? Where do they do? Some glands Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com