2. AP Biology Exam Review Body Systems

3. Connective tissue

4. Human digestive system

5. Digestive enzymes

6. Small intestine

7. Open vs. closed circulatory system

8. Blood pressure

9. Counter current exchange in gills

10. Controlling breathing Medulla oblongata Autonomic nervous system

11. Carbonic acid (changes in pH) Hemoglobin = heme group, able to bind oxygen Blood CO 2 transport

12. Immune system overview

13. Lymphatic system

14. Clonal selection

15. Cytotoxic and Helper T cells

16. Humoral vs. Cell-mediated

17. Humoral immunity

18. Antibody specificity – epitopes

19. Ectotherm

20. Temperature control

21. Osmoregulation

22. Control Detecting increase in blood pressure triggers excretory actions

23. Calcium regulation

24. Chemical signalling

25. Endocrine systems Hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland Pituitary gland controls the majority of hormones.

26. Hypothalamus control

27. Glucose homeostasis

28. Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

29. Male anatomy Testes – produces sperm Testes held in scrotum

30. Female anatomy

31. Sperm anatomy

32. Oogenesis

33. FSH LH Estrogen Progesterone Menstruation

34. Placental circulation

35. Inducing contractions

36. Egg

37. Mammalian fertilization

38. Blastocyst (blastula – hollow ball) Gastrulation (gastrula – cells dive into center) Human embyonic development

39. Embryonic Germ Layers

40. Neuron

41. Membrane potential

42. Nervous system

43. Action potential Depolarize – inside of axon more positive Hyperpolarize – inside of axon less negative Refractory period – “recovery” period to reestablish resting potential

44. Synapse - neurotransmitters