1. QUESTIONNAIRE PRESENTED BY: MOHAMAD AIZAT BIN AHMAD (2011106699)
SITI HAJAR BINTI ANIP ( )
NURUL HANA BINTI MOHD NAZRI ( )

2. INSTRUMENTATION
The whole process of preparing to collect data which includes:
Selection or design of the instruments
Location
Time
Frequency
Administration

3. Consideration in selecting a research instrument
Validity- measures what it is supposed to measure
Reliability- gives consistent result
Objectivity- absence of subjective judgments
Usability- convenience instrument

4. What is Questionnaire?
A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.

5. Getting started Plan the survey as a whole
Objectives - what you want your questionnaire to achieve
Data needs - your research goals, and think about what information you need to elicit from respondents to meet those goals.

6. Getting started
Analysis - how you are going to analyse each question to get the results you need. Remember there is a difference between things you need to know, and those it would be nice to know

7. Introduction
The introduction of the questionnaire is very important because it outlines the pertinent information about the survey. The introduction should:
provide the title or subject of the survey
explain the purpose of the survey
request the respondent’s co-operation
inform the respondent about confidentiality issues, the status of the survey (voluntary or mandatory) and any existing data-sharing agreements with other organizations.

8. Formatting The Questions
Appropriate format for each question has to be ascertained
Each of the formats serves specific purposes that coincide with the researcher’s information and data analysis needs

9. Likert Scale
Usually used to measure the strength of an attitude or an opinion
 respondents specify their level of agreement or disagreement on a symmetric agree-disagree scale for a series of statements

10. Likert Scale
The respondent is presented a sentence and is asked to agree or disagree on a 3,5 or 7 point scale.
It provides an excellent means of gathering opinions and attitudes
When writing the scale, you must include instructions that describe how to complete it

11. Neither agree nor disagree
Likert Scale
On a survey or questionnaire, a typical Likert item usually takes the following format:
"balanced" because there are equal amounts of positive and negative positions 1 2 3 4 5
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Neither agree nor disagree
Agree
Strongly agree

12. Sample 1 I use research methods in my job Strongly Not Strongly
disagree Disagree sure Agree agree
I use research
methods in my
job

13. Semantic Differential Scale
 rating scale designed to measure the connotative meaning of objects, events, and concepts.
The connotations are used to derive the attitude towards the given object, event or concept.

14. Sample

15. Rating Questions
Ratings are assigned solely on the basis of the score’s absolute position within a range of possible values
Easy to write, easy to answer
Provide a level of quantification that is adequate for most purposes

16. Sample
Select the choice that best describes your actions in the first five minutes of the classes you teach
5= always, 4= almost always, 3= about half the time, 2= rarely, 1= never
_____ state lesson objectives and overview at start of the lesson
______ state lesson objectives but no overview at start of the lesson
______ don’t state objectives or overview at start of the lesson

17. Ranking Questions Rank options – priority, importance, size or cost
The respondent is given a list of items and asked to rank them in order of importance

18. Sample:
Rank in order of importance the following five weaknesses of the training program. That is, place 1 beside the weakness you consider most important, 2 beside the next most important weakness and so forth, until you have ranked all five weaknesses.
Rank
The training program was too short. ____
The content did not suit my needs. ____
The content was too theoretical. ____
The training group was too large. ____
The training methods were poor. ____

19. Open-Ended Questions Easy to write
Do not require an extensive knowledge of the subject

20. Sample What do you understand by the term ‘e-Learning’?
Give some examples of e-learning activities carried out in your faculty.
What is your opinion regarding the integration of ICT into university teaching and learning?
What suggestion(s) do you have to further improve the integration of ICT into university teaching and learning?

21. Open-Ended Questions Incomplete and ambiguous answers Hard to analyze
Respondent may produce various answers
Cannot be subjected to machine-processing
“content analysis”- read and reread

22. Open-ended Questions
People are uncertain about what the questions means and how they are expected to answer
Increase respond burden- quality varies with respondent’s literacy, people are 10 times less likely to answer open-ended questions

23. Questionnaire Considerations
Be sure to commit the study goals to writing.
Whenever you are unsure of a question, refer to the study goals and a solution will become clear.
Ask only questions that directly address the study goals.

24. Cont.. Keep your questionnaire short.
Response rate is the single most important indicator of how much confidence you can place in the results.
A low response rate can be devastating to a study.
One of the most effective methods of maximizing response is to shorten the questionnaire.

25. Cont..
Try to eliminate questions. If the information will be used in a decision-making process, then keep the question... it's important.
To include other experts and relevant decision-makers in the questionnaire design process. Their suggestions will improve the questionnaire.
Formulate a plan for doing the statistical analysis during the design stage of the project. Know how every question will be analyzed and be prepared to handle missing data.

26. Cont.. Make the envelope unique. Provide a well-written cover letter.
Give your questionnaire a title that is short and meaningful to the respondent.
Include clear and concise instructions on how to complete the questionnaire. Be sure to print the return address on the questionnaire itself (since questionnaires often get separated from the reply envelopes).
Begin with a few non-threatening and interesting items.

27. Cont..
Use simple and direct language. This will reduce misunderstandings and make the questionnaire appear easier to complete. One way to eliminate misunderstandings is to emphasize crucial words in each item by using bold, italics or underlining.
Leave adequate space for respondents to make comments. Leaving space for comments will provide valuable information not captured by the response categories.
Place the most important items in the first half of the questionnaire.

28. Cont..
Hold the respondent's interest. We want the respondent to complete our questionnaire
Provide incentives as a motivation for a properly completed questionnaire.
Use professional production methods for the questionnaire--either desktop publishing or typesetting and key lining.
Make it convenient. The easier it is for the respondent to complete the questionnaire the better.
The final test of a questionnaire is to try it on representatives of the target audience.

29. Weakness / Limitation of Method
Strength / Uses of Method
Weakness / Limitation of Method
The researcher is able to contact large numbers of people quickly, easily and efficiently using a
postal questionnaire (since all he / she has to do is identify the group that will be targeted and post
them the list of questions)
The format of questionnaire design makes it difficult for the researcher to examine complex issues and opinions
Questionnaires are relatively quick and easy to create, code and interpret (especially if closed
questions are used). In addition, the respondent - not the researcher - does the time-consuming part
of completing the questionnaire
Even where open-ended questions are used, the depth of answers that the respondent can provide tend to be more-limited than with almost any other method of research. This makes it difficult for a researcher to gather information that is rich in depth and detail

30. Strength / Uses of Method
Weakness / Limitation of Method
A questionnaire is easy to standardize. For example, every respondent is asked the same question in the same way. The researcher, therefore, can be sure that everyone in the sample answers exactly the same questions, which makes this a very reliable method of research
With a postal questionnaire, the researcher can never be certain the person to whom the questionnaire is sent actually fills it in. For example, if your research is concerned with finding-out the
opinions of women on a range of issues, it would be less than useful if an unknown number of the
questionnaires sent by the researcher were filled-in by men
Where the researcher is not present, it's always difficult to know whether or not a respondent has
understood a question properly

31. Weakness / Limitation of Method
Strength / Uses of Method
Weakness / Limitation of Method
Questionnaires can be used to explore potentially embarrassing areas (such as sexual and criminal
matters) more easily than other methods. The questionnaire can, for example, be both anonymous and completed in privacy. This
increases the chances of people answering questions honestly because they are not intimidated
by the presence of a researcher
The researcher has to hope the questions asked mean the same to all the respondents as they do to
the researcher. This is a problem that can - to some extent - be avoided by conducting a Pilot Study prior to conducting the real survey
The response rate (that is, the number of questionnaires that are actually returned to the researcher) tends to be very low for postal
questionnaires. A % return of questionnaires is probably something that most researchers would happily settle for and this may mean that a
carefully-designed sample becomes
unrepresentative of a target population

32. Weakness / Limitation of Method
Strength / Uses of Method
Weakness / Limitation of Method
The problem of the self-selecting sample is particularly apparent in relation to questionnaires.
When a response rate is very low the responses received may only be the opinions of a very highly motivated section of the sample (that is, people with strong opinions who take the time and trouble to complete and return a questionnaire).

33. Questionairre sample
..\Documents\UITM2012\edu702\presentation\Questionnaire 1.doc

34. Conclusion
Well constructed questionnaires permit researchers to gather reasonably valid quantitative and qualitative data in simple, timely and costly efficient manner.
Questionnaires lend themselves to logical and organized data entry and analysis.
Developing the questionnaire requires thought, care and time. But the end product can be satisfying.

35. THANK YOU