1. The Industrial Revolution

2. New Products of the Industrial Revolution

3. Patents 1790-1860 36,000 issued 1860-1890 500,000 issued
License to make, use, or sell an invention
,000 issued
,000 issued

4. Life in the 1860s No indoor electric lights No refrigeration
In 1860, most mail from the East Coast took ten days to reach the Midwest and three weeks to get to the West Coast. A letter from Europe to a person on the frontier could take several months to reach its destination.

5. Life in the 1900s
Power stations across the country began providing electricity for lamps, fans, printing presses, and many other appliances.

6. Drilling for Oil
Needed for factories to run efficiently
Drilling was quicker. cheaper, and created a much larger supply than digging ditches or melting animal fat

7. Telegraph
Invented by Samuel F. B. Morse

8. Telephone
Invented by Alexander Graham Bell

9. By 1900, there were 1.5 million telephones in use all over the country, and Western Union Telegraph was sending roughly 63 million messages.

10. Thomas A. Edison Setup research lab
Created a system for producing and distributing electrical power

11. Edison
Perfected the light bulb

12. Edison
Developed the phonograph

13. Developed the motion picture camera
Edison
Developed the motion picture camera

14. Developed a way to transmit it long distances (Transformers)
George Westinghouse
Helped make electricity safer and less expensive by funding Nikola Tesla (AC Current)
Developed a way to transmit it long distances (Transformers)
More effective air brakes for trains

15. Electric sewing machine
Other Inventions
Electric sewing machine
Cameras
Refrigerator

16. Meanwhile on the farm… Mechanical Reapers Sod busting plows
Mechanized tractors

17. The Bessemer Process
In 1856, Henry Bessemer receives a patent on a process that made steel production easier and less expensive.
The Bessemer process made possible the mass production of steel.

19. The Brooklyn Bridge, designed with steel cables suspended from high towers, was made possible by mass production.

20. John Roebling
Designed & started building the Brooklyn Bridge- 1st suspension

21. It took another innovation to begin the transformation of cities
Elevators

22. Early Skyscrapers
Strong steel plus elevators mean that America’s teeming cities can now grow upwards!

23. Automobile
Automobile – Henry Ford made the car more affordable by using the assembly line
Assembly line – process where each worker does one task in the making of a final product 23

25. Division of Labor When someone completes one task as part of the job
Positive: increases productivity for businesses
Negative: workers no longer take pride in work and removes creativity

26. Compare The Idea of Making Shoes
He may never work on shoes!

27. Frederick Winslow Taylor
Organized and systemized factories
Goal: to get workers to produce more in less time

28. Industrial Revolution
Business Leaders
Business Practices
Business Regulations

29. “Robber Baron” or a “Captain of Industry” 1. Business Leaders
Generally classified as either a
“Robber Baron”
or a
“Captain of Industry”

31. I. Robber Barons
Business leaders who made their fortunes by taking advantage of the public
They drained natural resources and charged high prices

32. They persuaded public officials to interpret laws in their favor.
They ruthlessly drove their competitors to ruin.
They paid their workers meager wages and forced them to toil under dangerous and unhealthful conditions.

33. Adhered to a policy of “Social Darwinism”, as it applied to business practices

34. Social Darwinism or, Laissez-Faire
Based on Darwin’s Theory of Evolution (1859) regarding natural selection and the survival of the fittest
Businessmen are justified in using any means necessary to become rich and powerful, and the government should stay out!

35. Three business practices exemplified the philosophy of Social Darwinism
Monopolies
Cartels
Trusts

36. Monopoly
(Vertical Consolidation)
one company completely controls a product or a service, from the means of production, to manufacturing, to transportation, and sales

37. Controlling the Market
Bob’s Pizza
Using Vertical Consolidation, Bob could control the Pizza market in town by controlling many of the costs associated with making his pizza!
Bob’s Trucking Company
Bob’s Cheese Factory
Bob’s Farm

38. Monopoly
(Horizontal Consolidation)
One company buys out each of their competitors, and therefore owns every outlet for a certain product

39. Controlling the Market
Bob’s Pizza
Delaware
Pizza
Happy Time
Pizza
Pizza Pizza
Using Horizontal Consolidation, Bob could control the Pizza market in town by buying the other Pizza shops!
Bob’s Pizza
Bob’s Pizza
Bob’s Pizza
Bob’s Pizza

40. Cartel – a loose association of businesses in a similar field or that make the same product and agree to limit supply to drive up prices

41. Trust
multiple company’s selling the same product agreed that rather than compete with each other over prices and profits, they would agree to set their prices, and then split the profits evenly

42. II. Captains of Industry
Still practiced the theory of Social Darwinism to a certain extent to increase their fortunes, but:
They increased the supply of goods by building factories.
They raised productivity and expanded markets, further lowering prices

43. They created jobs at decent wages and in safe factories that enabled many Americans to buy new goods and raise their standard of living.
They also funded museums, libraries, and universities, many of which still serve the public today.
Carnegie Hall

44. III. A Compromise? “The Gospel of Wealth”
Philosophy that states a person should be able to make as much money as they can, BUT they should also use their wealth to improve society.

45. Andrew Carnegie

46. Andrew Carnegie Captain of Industry for steel production in Pittsburgh
Used Bessemer Process to produce stronger steel
Utilized vertical consolidation for business purposes
Born in Scotland

47. Carnegie as a Philanthropist
A Philanthropist uses wealth to improve society
Carnegie funded the building of libraries, education facilities, and music/arts facilities

48. Formed Standard Oil Company
John D. Rockefeller
Formed Standard Oil Company

49. John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company
Wealthy individual who saw the oil industry as a way to get richer
Made illegal deals with railroads to transport oil cheaper, thus weakening other refineries that he would eventually buy
Utilized horizontal consolidation for business purposes

51. Business Cycle The growth and contraction of a nation’s economy
growth peak recession depression
Business Cycle
The growth and contraction of a nation’s economy
A new concept in the mid-late 1800s

53. While big business urged the federal government to adopt a Laissez-Faire attitude, many consumers and workers called for a “Social Welfare” policy to be enforced

54. Social Welfare
It is the government’s responsibility to control big businesses in order guarantee quality products at fair prices for consumers, and fair pay and decent hours for workers

56. Sherman Antitrust Act Enacted in 1890 Effort by Congress to end trusts
Ineffective due to lack of enforcement

57. Survival Guide for Poor Families
Send children as young as age 6 to work
Force children to leave school
Ask for aid from a private charity (church, etc.) because
Government Welfare is non-existent at this time!

58. Workday Length Typically 12 hours/day, 6 days/week
After 1868 Government employees were guaranteed an 8 hour day (did not apply to private businesses)

59. Piecework Used by some companies Paid by how many items you produce
Faster workers made more $

60. Frederick Winslow Taylor
Organized and systemized factories
Goal: to get workers to produce more in less time

61. Jacob Riis
Illustrated the negative impact of children working in mines and factories
Published photos of working children in How the Other Half Lives
Wrote Children of the Poor

62. Lewis Hine
Traveled around the country to photograph child workers in factories, mills, mines, and canneries.
Documented the plight of working children
Photos were used as evidence (to the public and government) of the need for child labor reform

63. Ida Tarbell
Journalist who investigated and exposed misconduct among political and/or business leaders

64. Ida Tarbell
Focused on Drilling, shipping, refining, and the sale of oil

65. Ida Tarbell Ida’s father was forced out of business by Standard Oil
Perhaps this was revenge???