1. This presentation is partially animated. Only use the control panel at the bottom of screen to review what you have seen. When using your mouse, make sure you click only when it is within the light blue frame that surrounds each slide. LED’s are always biased A G Inc.

2. Your comfort level with your response to the following two question assessment tool should indicate if the presentation that follows will increase you knowledge base on the topic outlined by the questions in this tool. Pre-presentation Self Assessment Activity

3. 1. Include an LED in the control scheme such that it will be ON when all of the sensors are in alarm. Pre-presentation Self Assessment Activity 2. Size the current limiting resistor for this application to prevent the LED from burning out if the controller is a TTL system. PSHPSL TSL TSH LSHFSLFSHLSL

4. A useful light bulb The Light Emitting Diode Like any diode, it can be arranged in a circuit so that it is “forward biased” or “reverse biased”. light when forward biased. When the LED is forward biased it will emit light. LED’s come in various flavors. You can get one that emits red, green, yellow, or blue light when forward biased. In all of these LED’s they emit no light when they are reversed biased. Note: The terminals of a LED are identified as an anode and a cathode. No light when reverse biased. Cathode terminal Anode terminal anode cathode The light emitting diode is a small semiconductor light bulb that is useful as a status indicator

5. A useful light bulb Possible Light Emitting Diode circuit arrangements 5 volts R 1 A) the LED in its passive state is wired so that anode is more positive than its cathode. LED is forward biased.LED is reverse biased. Light is ON when button is not depressed. LED is forward biased. anode cathode

6. A useful light bulb Possible Light Emitting Diode circuit arrangements 5 volts R 1 A) the LED in its passive state is wired so that anode is more positive than its cathode. LED is forward biased. Light is ON when button is not depressed. R 1 LED is reverse biased.LED is forward biased. the LED in its passive state wired so that the anode is not more positive than the cathode. B) Light is OFF when button is not depressed. LED is reverse biased. 5 volts anode cathode

7. A useful light bulb Possible Light Emitting Diode circuit arrangements 5 volts R 1 A) the LED in its passive state is wired so that anode is more positive than its cathode. LED is forward biased. Light is ON when button is not depressed. R 1 LED is reverse biased. the LED in its passive state wired so that the anode is not more positive than the cathode. B) Light is OFF when button is not depressed. 5 volts anode cathode The duel role of R 1 Pull up resistor - pulls the LED anode above the voltage at the LED cathode. a) Current limiting resistor - restricts the current flow through the LED. b)

8. A useful light bulb Possible Light Emitting Diode circuit arrangements C) the LED in its passive state is wired so that anode is more positive than its cathode. 5 volts R 1 LED is forward biased. Light is ON when button is not depressed. R 2 R 3 V 4 anode cathode Note; (a) V 4 is also the voltage drop across the LED (b) V 4 depends on the equivalent resistance at the node.

9. A useful light bulb Possible Light Emitting Diode circuit arrangements C) the LED in its passive state is wired so that anode is more positive than its cathode. 5 volts R 1 LED is forward biased. Light is ON when button is not depressed. R 2 R 3 Note; (c) Forward biased LED’s has a very low resistance to current flow. In most situations, LED is wired in series with single resistor. (d) anode cathode anode cathode R LED V + LED is forward biased. anode cathode R LED V + LED is reverse biased. V 4 (a) V 4 is also the voltage drop across the LED (b) V 4 depends on the equivalent resistance at the node.

10. LED process status indicator Circuit constraints R LED An LED emits light when it is forward biased and there is enough current flow to allow us to see the light. To protect the LED, the current is always limited. As a good first approximation, the LED is presumed to contribute no resistance to current flow when it is forward biased. Most people can see the light from an LED when the current is limited to 0.016 amperes. TTL devices provide 5 volts at logic “1”. 5V R LED = 5 Volts 0.016 Amps R LED is approximately equal to 330 ohms.

11. 011 11 LED process status indicator If 333 (base 8) is a code that represents the signals from a set of 8 sensors that indicate that it is important to turn on an active low motor, design a circuit that will turn on an LED when that situation is present. Typical indicator application for LED Alarm status code from sensors PSH PSL TSL TSH LSH FSL FSH LSL R LED 10110111 LED will only be forward biased when 333 (base 8) is represented at the inputs of the logic circuit. LED is ON when it is forward biased.

12. Post Presentation Self Assessment Activity 1.Include an LED in the control scheme such that it will be ON when all of the sensors are in alarm. PSHPSL TSL TSH LSHFSLFSHLSL R LED LED is ON when it is forward biased. PSH PSL TSL TSH LSH FSL FSH LSL 00111110 Binary pattern when all sensors are in alarm

13. Post Presentation Self Assessment Activity Size the current limiting resistor for this application to prevent the LED from burning out if the controller is a TTL system. R LED PSH PSL TSL TSH LSH FSL FSH LSL 00111110 Logic 1 is nominally 5 volts for TTL devices. R LED = 5 Volts 0.016 Amps R LED is approximately equal to 330 ohms. R LED 5V 0.016 Amperes is a typical design constraint current limit. 2.

14. End of Presentation A G Inc.