2. What is limestone and how is it formed?

3. How is Limestone formed?

4. 1. Limestone is formed from the fossilised remains of countless marine plants and animals, such as corals, which lived during the Carboniferous period, 345 - 280 million years ago. 2.These former sea beds were moved from the Equator due to continental drift and forced above sea level 280 - 230 million years ago. Formation

5. Carboniferous limestone landscapes are the result of:- The rock is divided into blocks as a result of breaks between the rock beds (bedding planes) Vertical cracks (joints) are created as the limestone dries out and pressure is released. bedding plane joint permeability permeability - water passes easily through the rock by following the bedding planes and joints.

6. Limestone Weathering and Erosion

7. 1.Stripping topsoil to expose pavement to erosion. 2.Eroding away all the limestone in U-shaped valleys. 3.Plucking and abrading valley sides into scars. 4.Erosion of valleys on the surface during glaciation, features that are now dry valleys. 5.Enlarging passages with glacial meltwater. The creation of screes by frost-shattering, and leaving erratics on the surface are not limestone- only features! They occur with other rock types. How limestone scenery is eroded and weathered:

8. Limestone is a hard rock, but when exposed to the environment, weathering can produce dramatic landscape features. Weathering can be defined as the breakdown of rock by exposure to the environment. It can be physical, chemical or biological. Biological animals and plants Chemical acid rain and pollution Physical wind and ice Limestone Weathering

9. Carboniferous limestone is made up of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). Calcium carbonate is vulnerable to chemical solution, a form of chemical weathering caused by rainfall. When rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide, it forms carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ). This is a weak acid which over time will dissolve limestone to produce various exotic features. This process is known as chemical solution or limestone solution. Limestone weathering

10. Chemical solution

11. Press play on the animations below to see different ways in which limestone is weathered. Limestone weathering

12. Unlike some other forms of limestone, carboniferous limestone is very hard. It has been used as a building material for thousands of years. Carboniferous limestone was even used to build the Great Pyramid of Giza, which is the only wonder of the ancient world still standing: It is over 4,500 years old. Limestone properties

13. This gravestone is also made out of carboniferous limestone. It has only been around for 300 years – but it’s not in as good shape. There is even a hole right through the middle. Limestone properties

14. Precipitation? (rainfall) Plant damage? Animal damage? What factor do you think caused the extra damage to the gravestone? Why the difference?