1. Early China

2. Terms to Know   Confucius   Tao   Ying/Yang   Legalism   Dynasty   Footbinding   Chinese Society  The Silk Road  Mongols  Isolationism

3. Confucius (Kung Fu-Tzu)* (551-479 BC) *Family name = Kung (Kong) Personal name = Zhong-ni Kung Fu-Tzu (Kong Fu-zi) = “Master Kung” “Confucius” = Latinization of “Kung Fu-Tzu” “Never kiss a fool, or be fooled by a kiss.”

4. The Life and Legacy of Confucius  Born in 551B.C.E. to a noble but poor family.  Confucius died in 479 B. C. E.  Confucius was an exceptional student who later became a teacher and a government official.

5. The ancient State of Lu That’s where Confucius was born & spent most of his life. Anthem

6. Confucianism originated in China, but its influence spread to Korea & Japan over the centuries.

7.  TAO (“Way”) - the Ultimate; the One; the Absolute; the underlying Power; the Source  Yin/Yang - the dual expression of TAO; neither is superior to the other Central concepts in Confucian thought

8. China Dynasties  Chinese history is rarely as neat as it is portrayed, it was rare for one dynasty to end calmly and give way quickly and smoothly to a new one. Dynasties were often established before the overthrow of an existing regime, or continued for a time after they had been defeated.  In addition, China was divided for long periods of its history, with different regions being ruled over by different groups. At times there was no dynasty ruling a unified China.

9. The Post-Han Interim  220 Han Dynasty Collapsed  Regional Kingdoms 400 years Farm Production ExpandedTechnology Improved Farm Production ExpandedTechnology Improved Buddhism spread Buddhism spread Nomads invaded but Adopted Chinese Culture Nomads invaded but Adopted Chinese Culture

10. The Tang Dynasty  Li Yuan Sui Dynasty General  Li Shimin (Tang Taizong) Forced his father to Abdicate Forced his father to Abdicate Murdered 2 Brothers Murdered 2 Brothers Brilliant General, Government Reformer Brilliant General, Government Reformer Historian, Master Calligrapher Historian, Master Calligrapher China’s Most Admired Emperor China’s Most Admired Emperor

11. Expansion under the Tang  New Territories Largest China Ever Largest China Ever Manchuria Manchuria Korea Korea Vietnam Vietnam Aral Sea Aral Sea Tibet Tibet  Tributary States

12. Tang Government  Empress Wu Zhao Only Female Chinese emperor in History Only Female Chinese emperor in History Centralized Government Centralized Government Merit System Merit System Civil Service ExamsCivil Service Exams Confucian Philosophy Confucian Philosophy

13. Tang Decline  Lost Central Asia to Arabia  Corruption  Rising Taxes  Drought  Famine  907 Rebellion Huang Chao Huang Chao

14. Chinese Society 1. Emperor & His Family 2. Gentry Wealthy Land-Owning Class Wealthy Land-Owning Class Government Workers, Business Owners Government Workers, Business Owners 3. Peasants Majority Majority FarmersFarmers

15. Status of Women  Ran Family Affairs in the Home Managing Servants Managing Servants Family Finances Family Finances  Boys were Favored  Wives joined Husband’s family @ Marriage Dowry went to her Father Dowry went to her Father Never able to Remarry Never able to Remarry

16. Footbinding  Emerged in Song Dynasty  Tiny Feet & Stilted Walk became a sign of nobility and beauty  Extremely Painful  Spread to Lower Classes

17. Arts & Literature  Essential Gentry Education Poetry Poetry Painting Painting Calligraphy Calligraphy  Chinese Landscape Painting Daoist Traditions Daoist Traditions Misty Mountains Misty Mountains Delicate Bamboo Forests Delicate Bamboo Forests

18. Architecture  Buddhist Themes  Indian Stupa – Chinese Pagoda Multishaped Temple with Eaves curving up Multishaped Temple with Eaves curving up  Porcelain Glazes, Vases, Tea Service Glazes, Vases, Tea Service Figures of Camels, Ladies playing Polo Figures of Camels, Ladies playing Polo Bearded foreigners from the Silk Road Bearded foreigners from the Silk Road

19. The Silk Road

20. The region separating China from Europe and Western Asia is not the most hospitable in the world. Much of it is taken up by the Taklimakan desert, one of the most hostile environments on our planet. There is very little vegetation, and almost no rainfall; sandstorms are very common, and have claimed the lives of countless people. The locals have a very great respect for this `Land of Death'; few travelers in the past have had anything good to say about it. It covers a vast area, through which few roads pass; caravans throughout history have skirted its edges, from one isolated oasis to the next. The climate is harsh; in the summer the daytime temperatures are very dry and hot. In winter the temperatures dip below minus 0. Temperatures soar in the sun, but drop very rapidly at dusk. Sand storms here are very common, and particularly dangerous due to the strength of the winds and the nature of the surface. Unlike the Gobi desert, where there are a relatively large number of oases, and water can be found not too far below the surface, the Taklimakan has much sparser resources.

21.   By the third century B.C., the area had already become a crossroads of Asia, where Persian, Indian and Greek ideas met.   In the west, the Greek empire was taken over by the Roman empire. Even at this stage small quantities of Chinese goods, including silk, were reaching the west. This is likely to have arrived with individual traders, who may have started to make the journey in search of new markets despite the danger or the political situation of the time.

22.   The description of this route to the west as the `Silk Road' is somewhat misleading. No single route was taken; several different branches developed, passing through different oasis settlements along the way from East to West.   Secondly, the Silk Road was not a trade route that existed solely for the purpose of trading in silk; many other commodities were also traded, from gold and ivory to exotic animals and plants. Of all the precious goods crossing this area, silk was perhaps the most remarkable for the people of the West. It is often thought that the Romans had first encountered silk in one of their campaigns against the Parthians in 53 B.C, and realized that it could not have been produced by this relatively unsophisticated people. They learned from Parthian prisoners that it came from a mysterious tribe in the east, who they came to refer to as the silk people. The Romans obtained samples of this new material, and it quickly became very popular in Rome, for its soft texture and attractiveness. The Parthians quickly realized that there was money to be made from trading the material, and sent trade missions towards the east. The Romans also sent their own agents out to explore the route, and to try to obtain silk at a lower price than that set by the Parthians. For this reason, the trade route to the East was seen by the Romans as a route for silk rather than the other goods that were traded.

23. The creation of “Middlemen”   In addition to silk, the route carried many other precious commodities. Caravans heading towards China carried gold and other precious metals, ivory, precious stones, and glass, which was not manufactured in China until the fifth century. In the opposite direction furs, ceramics, jade, bronze objects, lacquer and iron were carried. Many of these goods were bartered for others along the way, and objects often changed hands several times. There are no records of Roman traders being seen in China, nor Chinese merchants in Rome, though their goods were appreciated in both places. This would obviously have been in the interests of the Parthians and other middlemen, who took as large a profit from the change of hands as they could.

24.   Bandits soon learned of the precious goods traveling the route and took advantage of the terrain to plunder these caravans. Caravans of goods needed their own defense forces, and this was an added cost for the merchants making the trip. This was partially overcome by building forts and defensive walls along part of the route. Sections of `Great Wall' were built along the route to try to prevent the bandits from harming the trade. However, these fortifications were not all as effective as intended, as the Chinese lost control of sections of the route at regular intervals. Many settlements were set up along the way, mostly in the oasis areas, and profited from the passing trade. Very few merchants traversed the full length of the road; most simply covered part of the journey, selling their wares a little further from home, and then returning with the proceeds. Goods therefore tended to moved slowly across Asia, changing hands many times.   The most significant commodity carried along this route was not silk, but religion. Buddhism came to China from India this way, along the northern branch of the route.   The new religion spread slowly eastwards, encouraged by an increasing number of merchants, missionaries and pilgrims.   The Buddhist faith gave birth to a number of different sects in Central Asia. Of these, the `Pure Land' and `Chan' (Zen) sects were particularly strong, and were even taken beyond China; they are both still flourishing in Japan.

25. Decline of the Silk Road   From the point of view of those in the far west, China was still an unknown territory, and silk production was not understood. Since the days of Alexander the Great, there had been some knowledge of India, but there was no real knowledge of, or contact with China until about the 7th century, when information started to filter along the Road. It was at this time that the rise of Islam started to affect Asia. Trade resumed with the Muslims playing the part of middlemen. The sea route to China was explored at this time, and the `Sea Silk Route'opened, eventually holding a more important place than the land route itself, as the land route became less profitable.   But the final shake-up that occurred was to come from a different direction; the hoards from the grasslands of Mongolia

26. Mongols  Nomadic People of Central Asia  Constantly Fighting Internally  Genghiz Khan “World Emperor” Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe

27. Genghiz Khan  Strict Military Discipline Often destroyed entire Cities Often destroyed entire Cities  Demanded Absolute Loyalty Rewarded the Most Loyal Rewarded the Most Loyal  Highly Trained, Mobile Army Most Skilled Horsemen in the World Most Skilled Horsemen in the World

28. Mongol Invasion of China  Walled Cities  Cannons & New Weapons Metal Tubes filled with Gunpowder Metal Tubes filled with Gunpowder  Khan Descendants continued Conquest 150 Years 150 Years Devastated Sichuan Devastated Sichuan Annihilated Chengdu, the Chinese Capital Annihilated Chengdu, the Chinese Capital

29. Mongol China  Administrative Toleration Heavy Taxes Heavy Taxes  Pax Mongolica (1200s-1300s) Economic Growth Economic Growth Controlled the Silk Road Controlled the Silk Road  Inventions Windmills, Gunpowder, Papermaking Windmills, Gunpowder, Papermaking

30. Khan Konquest  Genghiz Khan – North  Kublai Khan – South 70 Years Later 1279 70 Years Later 1279 Defeated the Song Dynasty Defeated the Song Dynasty Capital: Cambulac (Beijing) Capital: Cambulac (Beijing) Added Korea, Tibet, Vietnam Added Korea, Tibet, Vietnam

31. Kublai Khan  Resisted Sinicization “becoming Chinese” Only Mongols in the Military Only Mongols in the Military Only Mongols in highest Govt. Jobs Only Mongols in highest Govt. Jobs  Allowed Chinese to rule in the Provinces There were not enough Mongols There were not enough Mongols  Adopted a Chinese name: Yuan (yoo ahn)  Hired Arabs to build his Palace

32. Kublai Khan  Capable but Demanding  Repaired & Improved the Grand Canal Many human lives Many human lives  Welcome foreigners Ibn Battuta, African Muslim Ibn Battuta, African Muslim Marco Polo Marco Polo

33. Marco Polo   The first Europeans to arrive in China were Northern European traders, who arrived in 1261. However, the most well known and best documented visitor was the Italian Marco Polo. As a member of a merchant family from Venice, he was a good businessman and a keen observer. Starting in 1271, at the age of only seventeen, his travels with his father and uncle took him across Persia, and then along the southern branch of the Silk Road, finally ending at the site of present-day Beijing. He traveled quite extensively in China, before returning to Italy by ship.   He describes the way of life in the cities and small kingdoms through which he passed, with particular interest on the trade and marriage customs. His classification of other races centre mainly on their religion, and he looks at things with through eyes of the Catholic Church. He judges towns and countryside in terms of productivity; he appears to be have been quick to observe available sources of food and water along the way, and to size up the products and manufacture techniques of the places they passed through. His description of exotic plants and beasts are sufficiently accurate to be quite easily recognizable, and better than most of the textbooks of the period.  Sparked European interest in Asia

35. The Ming Dynasty  Most Chinese despised the Mongols Heavy Taxes Heavy Taxes Corruption Corruption Natural Disasters Natural Disasters  Restored the Civil Service System Exams were made more Difficult Exams were made more Difficult Instituted a Board of Censors Instituted a Board of Censors

36. Ming Economics  100 Million People  Increased Rice Production Improved Fertilization Improved Fertilization  New Crops: Corn & Sweet Potatoes  Growing Industries Porcelain Porcelain Paper Paper  Printing

37. Zheng He  Chinese Admiral  1405 – First of Seven Expeditions  62 Large Ships (400’) More Small Ships More Small Ships 25,000 Sailors 25,000 Sailors Promote Trade Promote Trade Collect Tribute Collect Tribute

38. Zheng He  1405-1433  Southeast Asia  India  Persian Gulf  Red Sea  East Africa

39. Isolationism  1433 Zheng He died Ming banned Ship Building Ming banned Ship Building  China turned inward  After the Zheng He voyages in the 15th century, the foreign policy of the Ming Dynasty in China became increasingly isolationist. One reason China decided on this was to keep out as much foreign influence on religious beliefs as possible, especially from European traders who came into China with Christian missionaries. The first missionary said to have an impact on Chinese religious beliefs was an Italian Jesuit called Matteo Ricci. Many of the educated Chinese opposed this Christianity introduced by missionaries, but Ricci's scientific knowledge gained him prestige in these circles, first introducing the concepts of trigonometry, and predicting an eclipse of the sun more accurately than Chinese astronomers of the day.

40.  Isolationism is a foreign policy which combines a non- interventionist military policy and a political policy of economic protectionism. In other words, it asserts both of the following:  Non-interventionism - Political rulers should avoid entangling alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct territorial self-defense.  Protectionism - There should be legal barriers to control trade and cultural exchange with people in other states.  The policy or doctrine of trying to isolate one's country from other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, international agreements, and generally attempting to make one's economy entirely self-reliant; seeking to devote the entire efforts of one's country to its own advancement, both diplomatically and economically, while remaining in a state of peace by avoiding foreign entanglements and responsibilities.

41. Learning Log-Early China (Left Side)  Essay (1 st -5 th periods) Write a 5 paragraph essay describing the government and economy of Early China and what life was like for Chinese citizens. Write a 5 paragraph essay describing the government and economy of Early China and what life was like for Chinese citizens.

42. Bibliography   MSN. Encarta. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573937/Isolationism.html January 14, 2008   Wild, O. The Silk Road. http://www.ess.uci.edu/~oliver/silk.html. December 4, 2007   ChangAn. xy2.youxizhu.com February 22, 2008   The Silk Road. lib.blcu.edu.cn February 22, 2008