1. Getting Started with MATLAB (part2) 1. Basic Data manipulation 2. Basic Data Understanding 1. The Binary System 2. The ASCII Table 3. Creating Good Variables 1

2. 1. Basic Data Manipulation New vocabulary: Variables Assignment Storing values in the computer It is assumed that these terms are understood: Input Output Programmer User

3. 1. Basic Data Manipulation Starting MATLAB on every machine usually leads to the prompt symbols >> in the command window 3

4. 1. Basic Data Manipulation A variable is a name given for a memory location “Assigning a value to a variable” means to place a value in the memory location associated with the variable name Matlab usually shows what the variables are - in the Command Window, but also in the Workspace.

5. 1. Basic Data Manipulation How about solving equations? Normal algebra ≠ programming Assume the following mathematic equation: z = x + y In algebra: when z is 10 and y is 7, what is x equal to? 5 z = x + y 10 = x + 7  Solve for x, obtain _____ Look at Matlab:

6. 1. Basic Data Manipulation 6 Assign values to variables z and y

7. 1. Basic Data Manipulation 7 Assign values to variables z and y Once x is on the left side, and all known variables (z and y) are on the right, Matlab executes the command.

8. 1. Basic Data Manipulation In Matlab, all the known variables must be on the right side of the equal sign before executing the command. At any time, only one variable can be on the left. 8 Assign values to variables z and y Once x is on the left side, and all known variables (z and y) are on the right, Matlab executes the command.

9. 2. Basic Data Understanding How exactly is the data stored in the memory?  binary (i.e. machine) language: 0 and 1’s How is the number 2 represented then? Remember that the symbol we see is NOT the value represented by it. For example: what number do these represent? V|||| 9  5

10. 2.1 The Binary System As shown on the previous slide, a number can be represented using different symbols. In fact, any set of symbols can be created to represent numbers. In the “binary” system, there are only two symbols: 0 and 1 With just these two symbols, a computer can represent any number we want!

11. 2.1 The Binary System Base 10Base 2 0 0 2 1 1 2 2 10 2 3 11 2 4100 2 5101 2 6110 2

12. 2.1 The Binary System How does 10 represent a 2 ? 12

13. 2.2. The ASCII table 13 Group the 0’s and 1’s to represent what you want Done automatically!

14. 2.2. The ASCII table For example: The symbol 2 in decimal is represented using the sequence 0000 0010 in binary. 14

15. 2.2. The ASCII table Even for characters… 15

16. The limit between calculator and programming software Although Matlab looks like a calculator, everything is actually stored following the ASCII chart. Be careful: Matlab will execute mathematical operations on characters. What does this mean? For example, in the command window, Do It Yourself (2.3) radius = 49 radius + 1 radius = ‘radius of a circle’ radius + 1 16 What is the expected outcome? What is the un-expected outcome?

17. The limit between calculator and programming software 17 What is the expected outcome? What is the un-expected outcome?

18. 3. Creating Good Variables This last example should make you realize the importance of good variable names: those that describe their content. Do not name a variable radius when it will contain a name, or a sentence, prefer title_radius in the example above. In the long term, it will save you time debugging (fixing errors!) 18

19. 3. RULES not to break! To create a variable in Matlab, simply assign it a value. When coming up with a name, follow these RULES: It cannot contain spaces: Use the underscore, or capitalizeTheFirstLetterOfAdditionalWord It cannot start with a digit. However, it can have digits in the rest of it. It cannot contain any special characters (other than the underscore of course!) It should not be any keywords Matlab knows, or It should not be the filename of any saved files 19

20. 3. Good HABITS, strongly encouraged!!! Good Programming Habits applied in EGR115 It must represent its content NO one letter long variables, except for loop counters: v, t, p, x Keep it short, it will avoid typos later on If you can, include a unit IN MATLAB: lower case i (Square root of -1) and j already have values. Avoid reusing them. 20

21. Wrapping Up Basic Data Manipulation Programming IS NOT algebra ALL known values must be on the right hand side of the = ONE unknown must be on the left hand side of the = Basic Data Understanding The binary system is really how all computers store data All is related to the ASCII table: both numbers and letters Matlab will execute mathematical operations on anything: numbers AND letters Naming variables properly can prevent a lot of errors 21