1. Management implications of intrapopulation and interpopulation genetic variation in Norway spruce Dušan Gömöry & Ladislav Paule Technical University in Zvolen, Faculty of Forestry, T.G. Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia

2. Questions addressed: what is the natural spatial genetic structure in a virgin forest as a standard for evaluation of effects of management? how natural and artificial regeneration in commercial forests affect genetic structures and levels of genetic variation?

3. Spatial genetic structure of a Norway spruce virgin forest Object: National Nature Reserve Zadná Poľana, Central Slovakia (1,200-1,458 m a.s.l., Norway spruce virgin forest) transect 40 x 150 m, 200 trees sampled Genetic analysis: 14 isozyme systems, 23 genes Data analysis: Relatedness: Bayesian approach (Brunel & Rodolphe 1985): P{A i /(x, y)} = P{(x, y)/A i }.P(A i ) / (∑ i P{(x, y)/A i }.P(A i )) Spatial autocorrelation: Moran’s I for 15 distance classes with equal sample sizes

4. X YGenotype frequency observedexpected 12.3 18.2 12.8 ‑ 4.2 31.0 30.5 12.4 87.4 103.8 103.5 112.3 126.1 127.4 123.4 0.005 0.010 0.005 0.010 0.005 1.6092E ‑ 10 7.7993E ‑ 15 5.1889E ‑ 08 1.2831E ‑ 12 5.5114E ‑ 08 Deviation of observed genotype frequencies from those expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

5. Clustering of family groups

6. Distribution of the percentage and number of related pairs over 5 m distance classes half sibs (one common parent) full sibs (both parents common)

7. Spatial autocorrelation of genotypes - distribution of Moran’s I-indices over distance classes with equal sample sizes bars – number of significant Moran’s indices, line – average of I over all alleles clonal groups pooledall trees

8. Effects of the regeneration method on genetic structures of Norway spruce Objects: 6 virgin forests (nature reserves) 4 naturally regenerated stands 4 stands established through reforestation Genetic analysis: 6 isozyme systems, 8 genes Data analysis: genetic variation:allelic richness (mean number of alleles per locus gene diversity (expected Hardy-Weinberg heterozygosity) genotype variation (observed heterozygosity) genetic differentiation: genetic distances (Nei 1978)

12. genetic differentiation

13. Conclusions: Virgin forest considerable deviation from HW proportions spatial family structure spatial clumping of genes conclusion: equilibria and random distributions are not necessarily obligatory attributes of a natural state Effects of management no differences between natural forests and naturally regenerated commercial forests decreased levels of the genetic variation in the forests originating from reforestation increased differentiation in this group possible consequences: reduced effective population size inbreeding in subsequent generation reduced adaptability