1. Happy Friday 9/4/2015 1. Review Graphing 2. crash course Bio….”Why Carbon is a tramp!” 3. Lecture: Carbon HOME WORK: –Bozeman: Analysis and Evaluation Of Evidence (<7 min) Cornell Video Notes Lecture: Carbon

2. Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life Slide shows combined and modified from: http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Lecture/lecture.htm; http://www.explorebiology.com/

4. Organic chemistry is the study of CARBON compounds Can form FOUR stable covalent bonds at same time (=tetravalence) Common partners = O, H, N

5. 4 covalent CARBON BONDS form a shape called a TETRAHEDRON Tetrahedron modified from: http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mole1440.htm

6. Images from: http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/chemhydrocarbon.htm TETRAVALENCE makes large complex molecules with a variety of shapes possible http://nrr.georgetown.edu/NRR/struc,actv.html

7. AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

8. Hydrocarbons Only carbon & hydrogen (Ex: petroleum; lipid ‘tails’) Covalent bonding; nonpolar High energy storage http://www.world-petroleum.org/education/petref/index.html

9. Carbon compounds Skeleton may have single or double bonds http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/Hughes/tutorial/cellmembranes/

10. AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

11. ISOMERS- compounds that have the same number of atoms but different structures

12. STRUCTURAL isomers differing covalent bonding arrangement C 6 H 12 O 6 http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html http://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg

13. GEOMETRIC isomers - differ in arrangement around a DOUBLE BOND trans- form cis- form http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/geometric.html

14. Be Careful! Single bonds can rotate!... it’s still the same stuff http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/geometric.html

15. ENANTIOMER isomers - differ in arrangement around a ASYMMETRIC carbon... Mirror images AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

20. Functional Groups Hydroxyl Group Ex: alcohols polar (oxygen); soluble in water Names typically end in -ol Ex: Ethanol

21. Functional Groups Carbonyl Group KETONE: within carbon skeleton ALDEHYDE: at end of carbon skeleton

22. GLUCOSE is an ALDEHYDE FRUCTOSE is a KETONE http://61039206.sinagirl.com/carbohydate.JPG http://web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites/1999/Sucrose/sucrose_structure.gif GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE

23. Functional Groups Carboxyl Group Ex: carboxylic acids; polar

24. Functional Groups Amino Group Called: amines Ex: amino acids (have both amino & carboxyl groups) http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-05/common.htm

25. H | R -C -COO- | +NH 3 Functional Groups Amino Group Can act as a base and pick up a H + ion Carboxyl Group can act as an acid and give up a H + ion

26. Functional Groups Sulfhydral Group Called: thiols http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Disulfide_bridge.htm

27. DISULFIDE BRIDGES Disulfide bridges stabilize protein structure http://www.britannica.com/ebc/art-3207/Conformation-of-lysozyme LYSOZYME

28. Functional Groups Phosphate Group phosphate ion Makes molecule negatively charged Can store & transfer energy ~ ATP

29. Functional Groups METHYL Group Makes molecule more NON-POLAR METHYLATION: Adding methyl groups to DNA “turns off” genes http://students.cis.uab.edu/rmeghana/methylation.html