1. How did the giraffe get its long neck?

4. More offspring are produced that can possibly survive. BUT populations tend to remain stable AND there are limited resources Observation #1

5. SO the inference is: There is a struggle for survival between individuals of a population and not all will survive Aphaenogaster tipunaAphaenogaster tipuna ants fighting over food

6. Organisms display a lot of variety in their characteristics Much of this variety is inherited OBSERVATION #2

7. Inference #2 : Those individuals whose inherited traits best fit them to their particular environment will leave more offspring

8. Inference #3 : This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will cause a gradual change in the population Favorable characteristics will accumulate in the population over time

9. Individuals DO NOT EVOLVE. Populations evolve Evolution is not caused by a NEED of an individual. Surviving does not contribute to evolution alone. There also has to be reproduction Acquired characteristics are not passed down to the next generation. Adaptations depend on the environment

13. Fossils provide evidence of the change of life throughout time

14. Comparative Anatomy

15. Homologous structures: indicators of a common ancestor Anatomical Show divergent evolution

17. vestigial structures Homologous structures with no or little function in organism

21. Embryological homologies

22. Molecular Homologies Compare DNA sequences or proteins (amino acid sequences) The more differences the longer ago the two species diverged from a common ancestor

23. Generation to generation change in the frequencies of alleles in the gene pool Genetic Drift: changes in allele frequencies due to chance Causes: natural selection Gene flow immigration or emigration of individuals (and their genes) Mutation introduces new alleles

24. Examples of Genetic Drift Bottleneck effect Natural disaster wipes out a portion of a population

25. Fig. 13-11a-1 Original population

26. Fig. 13-11a-2 Original population Bottlenecking event

27. Fig. 13-11a-3 Original population Bottlenecking event Surviving population

28. Example #2 Relatively few individuals start a new population in isolation founder effect

31. A population that is not evolving is in equilibrium Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium p=frequency of the dominant allele q=frequency of the recessive allele p+q=1 p 2 +2pq +q 2 =1 p 2 = frequency of homozygous dominants 2pq= frequency of heterozygotes q 2 = frequency of homozygous recessives

32. Conditions required for a population to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 1.Large population 2.Random mating 3.No natural selection 4.No mutation 5.No gene flow

33. Analogous structures Evolved independently and don’t indicate close relationships

34. A) Divergent evolution  results in homologous structures B) Convergent evolution  results in analogous structures

35. Population or group of populations that have the potential to interbreed with each other in nature and produce viable offspring Key idea: reproductive isolation

36. Fig. 14-3

37. Fig. 14-3a Habitat isolation

38. Fig. 14-3b Behavioral Isolation

40. Fig. 14-3c Mechanical Isolation

41. Fig. 14-3d Gametic Isolation

42. Fig. 14-3e Postzygotic Barriers Hybrids do not develop into fertile adults

43. National Geographic http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=1zOWYj59BXI http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=1zOWYj59BXI

44. Speciation is the formation of a new species Often it comes about because of some kind of geographic barrier

46. Adaptive radiation is a type of speciation One population evolves into several different species, each with different adaptive characteristics

48. Phylogenetic trees

49. Medium ground finch Cactus ground finch Small tree finch Large ground finch Small ground finch Large cactus ground finch Sharp-beaked ground finch Vegetarian finch Seed eaters Ground finches Cactus flower eaters Bud eaters Tree finches Insect eaters Medium tree finch Large tree finch Mangrove finch Woodpecker finch Green warbler finch Warbler finches Which finch is most closely related t the Green warbler finch? Is the medium ground finch more closely related to the small ground finch or to the large ground finch?

50. Big eyes 3 toesLoss of tail

51. Beastie Activity

52. Fig. 15-16aa Iguana TAXA Long gestation Duck-billed platypus Kangaroo Beaver CHARACTERS Character Table 0 0 01 0 1 01 Gestation Hair, mammary glands 0 1 11

53. Fig. 15-16ab Long gestation Gestation Hair, mammary glands Iguana Duck-billed platypus Kangaroo Beaver Phylogenetic Tree

54. Big eyes 3 toesLoss of tail

55. Figure 15.12A Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Brown bear Polar bear Asiatic black bear American black bear Sun bear Sloth bear Spectacled bear Giant panda Raccoon Lesser panda Ursidae Procyonidae Common ancestral carnivorans

56. For several decades, scientists have classified life into five kingdoms Classification Figure 15.14A MONERAPROTISTAPLANTAEFUNGIANIMALIA Earliest organisms

57. This system recognizes two basically distinctive groups of prokaryotes –The domain Bacteria –The domain Archaea A third domain, the Eukarya, includes all kingdoms of eukaryotes Figure 15.14B BACTERIAARCHAEAEUKARYA Earliest organisms A newer system is the 3 Domain system

58. Organisms are grouped into progressively larger categories (taxons) Table 15.10

59. CLASSIFICATION (TAXONOMY) DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES (SMALLEST GROUP)

60. NAMING OF ORGANISMS BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE EX: Homo sapiens Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) FIRST NAME IS GENUS NAME SECOND NAME IS SPECIES NAME

62. 5 KINGDOMS 1) MONERA 2) PROTISTA 3) FUNGI 4) PLANTAE 5) ANIMALIA

63. http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/CliffsReviewTopic/Classification-Plants-Other-Organisms.topicArticleId-23791,articleId-23659.html