1. Eukaryotic Cell Division: Mitosis

2. Pre-Assessment
1. Examine the picture of the cell. What phase is the cell in? A. prophase B. anaphase C. metaphase D. telophase
2. What is the structure labeled "X" on the picture? A. centriole B. spindle C. chromosome D. chromatid
3. During which phase does the DNA make a copy of itself? A. prophase B. metaphase C. interphase D. anaphase
4. During which phase do chromosome first become visible? A. interphase B. telophase C. metaphase D. prophase

3. What is the purpose of cell division?
Growth (example: baby  adult)
Reproduction (asexual reproduction in single celled organisms)
Replacement of dead/damaged/infected (example: skin/red blood cells/bone cells)
Gamete formation in multi-cellular organisms (meiosis)

4. Chromosome Structure In eukaryotes: made up of DNA and proteins
At different times, proteins cause the DNA to:
be spread out like spaghetti in a bowl
be tightly condensed into the X-shaped (these we can see in the microscope)
Central constricted region called centromere that serves as an attachment point for the spindle fibers during mitosis.

5. Chromosome Structure Chromosomes exist in 2 different states:
before DNA replication, chromosomes have one chromatid.
after DNA replication, chromosomes have 2 sister chromatids, held together at the centromere. Each chromatid is one piece of DNA with its supporting proteins.
Why is DNA replication necessary?

6. Chromosomes

7. **Note: Two chromatids make up a chromosome

8. Cell Cycle
The cell cycle describes the behavior of cells as they grow and divide
We will study the cycle which includes Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Tumors (cancer) are the result of uncontrolled cell division and these can occur in any organ/tissue

9. For a typical rapidly proliferating human cell with a total cycle time of 24 hours, the G1 phase might last about 11 hours, S phase about 8 hours, G2 about 4 hours, and M about 1 hour.

10. Cell Cycle Interphase: Longest part of the cell cycle
Includes G1, S and G2
G1: cell growth
S: cell growth; replication of cell’s DNA
G2: cell growth; organelles replicate
DNA begins to condense into
chromosomes

11. Mitosis
Mitosis is the division of the eukaryote nucleus, which goes on throughout life in all parts of the body.
Organelles can be randomly separated into the daughter cells but chromosomes must be precisely divided so that each daughter cell gets exactly the same DNA.
Every human cell has the same 46 chromosomes
Mitosis is usually divided into 4 phases:
Prophase (P)
Metaphase (M)
Anaphase (A)
Telophase (T)
PMAT

12. Prophase

13. Phases of Mitosis:
1. Prophase Chromatin finishes condensing into chromosomes (visible under light microscope) Nucleolus/nuclear envelope broken down Spindle fibers form from centrosomes/centrioles with microtubules extending out Chromosomes appear as 2 identical sister chromatids joined together at centromeres

15. Metaphase

16. 2. Metaphase
Longest stage of mitosis
Chromosomes move to middle of cell (metaphase plate)
Chromosome’s centromeres are on metaphase plate with sister chromatids each facing opposite sides of cell
Centrosomes at opposite sides of cell

17. Anaphase

18. 3. Anaphase:
Shortest stage of mitosis
Sister chromatids separate and begin moving towards opposite ends of cell (spindle fibers pull sister chromatids in via the centromere) and each one is now a “chromosome”
Cell elongates
At end of phase, each end of the cell contains complete and identical chromosomes

19. Telophase and Cytokinesis Cytokinesis: cell divides in two

20. 4. Telophase:
-Chromosomes are at each side of cell and nuclear envelope begins to re-form around
-Chromosomes elongate to form chromatin
-Spindle fibers disintegrate
-Cell is elongated and ready for cytokinesis

21. Animal Cell Cytokinesis inward pinching of plasma membrane to form cleavage furrows

22. Plant Cell Cytokinesis cell plate forms and moves outward towards the sides of the cell from central region

25. Prophase Prometaphase Mid-prometaphase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

26. What happens when there is no control of cell division?
Tumors = result of uncontrolled cell division
The genetic checks that stop cells from reproducing fail to work and they grow out of control
Oncogene = gene that turns a normal cell into a cancer cell
Tumors can occur in any organ or tissue, though are most common after exposure to carcinogens (e.g. tobacco smoke) or in particularly active tissues (e.g. breast, skin)
Angiogenesis: tumor recruits blood vessels and grows larger
Metastasis: part of the tumor invades the blood vessel, travels through the blood and starts to forma a tumor in another part of the body

27. Where is the lack of control?
Normal cells are controlled by several factors:
Normal cells stay in the G1 stage of the cell cycle until they are given a specific signal. Cancer cells enter the S phase without waiting for a signal.
Normal cells are mortal. This means that they can divide about 50 times and then they lose the ability to die. This “clock” gets re-set during the formation of the gametes. Cancer cells escape this process of mortality: they are immortal and can divide endlessly.
Normal cells that suffer significant chromosome damage destroy themselves due to the action of a gene called “p53”. Cancer cells either lose the p53 gene or ignore its message and fail to kill themselves (process known as apoptosis)