1. Actors: a model of concurrent computation in Distributed Systems Amin Saremi Hamid Mohamadi

2. General Design Decisions The nature of computing system –Sequential processes: sequential in nature but can execute in parallel with each other: concurrent Pascal, CSP, shared variable Transformation on states, state: map from location to value –Function transforming data values Example: dataflow, network of parallel process Indeterminate applicative system: call-by-value is used, result is a single value

3. –Actors: map each incoming communication to a 3-tuple: –Finite set of communication to other actors –A new behavior –Finite set of new actors created Behavior = history sensitive There is no presumed sequentiality in the action of actors Powerful computational agent than before: possible to specify arbitrary SP by actor system and not vice versa –Actors may create other actors but CSP don’t create other CSP

4. Global synchrony and asynchrony Interaction between agents –Shared variables –Communication Synchronous: sender & receiver ready, Hoare’s CSP, Minler’s CCS Asynchronous: receiver doesn't have to be ready, actor model, dataflow Any model of synch is built on asynch Synch communication is a special case of buffered asynch communication –“busy waiting” & recursive computation

5. Computation In Actor Systems Computation in a system of actors is carried out in response to communication sent to the system, communication are contained in task. All task that have already been processed may be removed The Configuration of an actor system: actors it contains and unprocessed tasks.

6. Tasks –Tag for distinguishing –Target: mail address –Communication: information to the actor at the target Behavior –Actors are said to accept a communication when they process a task –Accepting & replacement behavior An actor: –Mail address, mail queue –Behavior, function of the communication accepted

7. Xn Xn+1 Y1 task 12 nn+1... Create tasks Specifies replacement Create actors 1...

8. Target communication [k1] [k2] Create tasks Create actors Life-lines diagram

9. Programming with actors Behavior definition –Each time an actor accepts a communication it computes a replacement behavior, … –Behavior definition is expressed as a function of the incoming communication –Two list of identifiers used in a behavior definition Value for the first list must be specified when the actor is created: acquaintance list Gets its binding from an incoming communication: communication list

10. Creating actors –new expression which return the mail address – ::= new ({expr {, expr}*}) –Address of new actor can bind to identifier using –Actors created concurrently by an actor may know each other’s mail address, and all the newly created actor knows is the mail address of the other actor Creating tasks –A task is created by specifying a target and a communication – ::= send to

11. Declaring receptionists –The receptionists are the only actors that are free to receive communication from outside the system –Set of receptionist my also be changing –Whenever a communication containing the mail address is sent to an actor outside the system, the actor at that mail address become a receptionist Declaring external actors –Declare a sequence of identifiers as external  actors whose behavior is to buffer the communications Commands –Purpose: specify actions that are to be carried out –Command to specify a replacement behavior: become

12. forwarder: example of behavior –Has one acquaintance, the actor to whom the communication must be forwarded Conditional command –if-then –case

13. Examples Stack a stack-node with acquaintance content and link if operation requested is a pop & content NIL then become forwarder to link send content to customer if operation requested is push then let P = new stack-node with current acquaintances {become stack-node with acquaintances new- content and P}

14. Factorial Rec-factorial with acquaintances self let communication be an integer n and a customer u become Rec-factorial if n = 0 then send [1] to customer else let c = Rec-customer with acquaintance n and u {send [n-1, the mail address of c] to self} Rec-customer with acquaintances an integer n and a customer u let communication be an integer k {send [n*k] to u}

15. [1] [2] [6] [3,c] [2,m] [1,m’] [0,m’’] (m,(3,c)) (m’,(2,m)) (m’’,(1,m’))

16. External actors –Hold –Respond to a communication telling it to forward buffer with acquaintances content and link if operation requested is release & content NIL then send content to customer send release request with customer to link become forwarder to customer if operation requested is hold then let B be a new buffer with acquaintances content and link {become new buffer with acquaintance new-content and B}

17. Static Topology Function apply receptionists m1 m2 configuration m

18. def two-inputs-needed (m1,m2,m) [sender, arg] if sender = m1 then become one-input-needed (m1,m2,second,arg) else become one-input-needed (m1,m2,first,arg) fi end def def one-input-needed (m1,m2,m,new-arg-position, old-arg) [sender, new-arg] let k = (if new-arg-positio = second then f(old-arg, new-arg) else f(new-arg, old-arg) fi ) {send [k] to m} send ready to m1 send ready to m2 become two-inputs-needed (m1,m2) end def

19. Dynamic topology Call expression: Call g[k] input f g k reply

20. customerrequest f g

21. S’ let x= (call g[k]) {S} S’’ Factorial def exp rec-factorai() [n] become rec-factorial() if n = 0 then reply[1] else reply [n * (call self [n-1])] fi end def

22. Insensitive actors Checking-acc (balance, my-saving) [request] if (deposit request) then become send (receipt) to customer if (show-balance request) then send [balance] to customer if (withdrawal request) then if balance >= withdrawal-amount then become send [receipt] to customer else let b= new buffer and p= overdraft-proc (customer, self, my-savings, balance) {become insens-acc (b,p) send [withdrawal request with customer p] to my savings} Insense-acc (buffer, proxy) [request, sender] if request = become & sender = proxy then become else send to buffer

23. overdraft-proc (customer, my-checking,my-savings,checking-balance) [saving-response] send [savings-response] to customer if then send [become, checking-acc (0, my-savings)] to my checking else send [become, checking-acc (checking-balance, my-savings)] to my checking

24. Checking-acc Savings-acc request reply become hold release buffer Overdraft-proc

25. References [1]. G A. Agha, “ACRTORS: A Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed Systems”, The MIT Press, 1986.