1. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Chapter 1 Evidence-Based Healthcare: Using Research in Practice

2. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Overview of Course The outcome of the course is for you to use research findings in healthcare practice appropriately. –Understanding of research terms and processes to become critical and intelligent users of research in clinical care = evidence-based practice.

3. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Questions to Consider How do you feel about research? Why does “research” have a negative response? Why is research difficult to use?

4. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved QUESTION What often happens when healthcare professionals try to use research without understanding the language and process of research? A. Healthcare professionals become frustrated. B. Healthcare professionals become avid users of research.

5. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved ANSWER A. Healthcare professionals become frustrated because they do not understand the language or the process.

6. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved QUESTION Is the following statement true or false? When healthcare professionals try to use research without understanding the language and process of research, healthcare professionals misunderstand the implications of research findings.

7. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved ANSWER True. If the healthcare professional does not understand research language or the research process, they will misinterpret or misunderstand the findings.

8. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved QUESTION Is the following statement true or false? When healthcare professionals try to use research without understanding the language and process of research, healthcare professionals stop using research.

9. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved ANSWER True. Healthcare professionals become frustrated and avoid doing research when they do not understand the language.

10. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved QUESTION Is the following statement true or false? When healthcare professionals try to use research without understanding the language and process of research, patient care suffers.

11. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved ANSWER True. Patient care suffers because decisions about care practices may be based on misunderstanding or not understanding or the avoidance of using research!

12. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved What Is Healthcare Research?

13. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Evidence-Based Practice Why Should Research Be Used in Healthcare?

14. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Gersch and Rebar’s Evidence-Based Practice Bridge Theory

15. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Essential Elements of Evidence-Based Practice: A Model Assess Ask Acquire Appraise Apply Evaluate

16. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved When Do You Seek Evidence? (ASSESS)

17. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved What Is an Effective Clinical Question? (ASK)

18. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Develop a Clinical Question Using the Who, What, When, and Where method, develop a clinical question for the following situation. You want to know if using humor is effective when working with an anxious patient.

19. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Develop a Clinical Question Using the Who, What, When, and Where method, develop a clinical question for the following situation. Do you know how young children perceive the x-ray machine?

20. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Is This a Clinical Question? Using the Who, What, When, and Where method, critique this clinical question. Do you know what to assess (pain, fatigue, number of sticks, vein condition) in order to decide whether to establish a venous port for blood draws in a patient who needs blood drawn repeatedly and regularly?

21. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved How Have We Found Answers to Questions in the Past?

22. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved How Should We Find Answers for Best Clinical Practices—Find Answers to Clinical Questions? (ACQUIRE)

23. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved What Is a Research Report?

24. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Where Can You Find a Research Report?

25. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved QUESTION Which sample title reflects a research report? A.“Five steps to improving your care of the patient with diabetes” B.“The role of exercise in maintaining glycemic control” C.“Comparison of two approaches to diabetes education in adolescents” D.“The adolescent with diabetes—what is the most useful advice?”

26. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved ANSWER C. “Comparison of two approaches to diabetes education in adolescents” Any of the titles MAY reflect a research report, but only the third title suggests and describes a research report. The two-group comparison suggests that outcomes were measured on two different diabetes education programs.

27. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved So If the Title Does Not Tell Us Whether or Not the Publication Is a Research Report, How Do We Know?

28. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved How to Become a Critical and Intelligent User of Research (APPRAISE)

29. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved What Is a Systematic Review, and Why Is It Important?

30. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Research Questions Applied to Systematic Reviews

31. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Levels of Evidence

32. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved What Is an Abstract, and How Can It Help You in Your Search for Answers?

33. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All Rights Reserved Questions?